Functional Foods, Ageing, and Degenerative Disease

Contents......Page 5
Contributor contact details......Page 15
1.1 Introduction: the EU and food legislation......Page 21
1.2 The regulation of novel foods and novel ingredients in the EU......Page 24
1.3 EU food law and regulation of food health claims......Page 27
1.4 National initiatives to regulate food health claims......Page 30
1.5 Approval and substantiation of health claims......Page 33
1.6 Medicinal products and EU legislation......Page 34
1.7 References......Page 35
2.1 Introduction: epidemiological studies and the influence of diet in early life......Page 37
2.2 Foetal and neonatal nutritional requirements......Page 41
2.3 The effects of supplement intake......Page 50
2.4 The role of functional foods: nutrition during pregnancy and infancy......Page 53
2.5 Safety concerns of functional foods......Page 59
2.6 Future trends......Page 61
2.8 References......Page 63
3.1 Introduction: the Mediterranean diet and healthy living......Page 77
3.2 Mediterranean foods and their functional properties......Page 80
3.3 The functional properties of Mediterranean herbs, spices and wild greens......Page 85
3.4 Diet and age-related diseases......Page 86
3.5 Methods of identifying and analysing plant extracts......Page 88
3.6 Developing supplements for healthy ageing and other future trends......Page 90
3.8 Acknowledgement......Page 92
3.9 References......Page 93
4.1 Introduction: definition and epidemiology of osteoporosis......Page 103
4.2 Bone growth and factors affecting bone mass......Page 105
4.3 Dietary strategies for preventing osteoporosis: minerals......Page 107
4.4 Dietary strategies for preventing osteoporosis: vitamins, proteins and lipids......Page 115
4.5 Preventing osteoporosis: the impact of genetic variation and diet......Page 120
4.6 Conclusions and future trends......Page 125
4.8 References......Page 126
5.1 Introduction......Page 135
5.2 Osteoporosis: prevention and treatment......Page 136
5.3 Mechanisms of action of phytoestrogens in bone metabolism......Page 140
5.4 Phytoestrogens action on bone cells......Page 142
5.5 Investigating phytoestrogen action on bone: animal and human studies......Page 144
5.6 Conclusions......Page 146
5.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 147
5.8 References......Page 149
6.1 Introduction......Page 159
6.2 Vitamin D: sources, metabolisms, function and deficiency......Page 160
6.3 Vitamin D fortification and osteoporosis......Page 164
6.4 Dietary intake of vitamin D......Page 167
6.5 Strategies to improve vitamin D supply......Page 173
6.6 Food fortification: reducing deficiency diseases......Page 175
6.7 Issues in vitamin D fortification of food......Page 176
6.8 Future trends......Page 183
6.10 References......Page 184
7.1 Introduction: bone formation and calcium fortification......Page 194
7.2 Calcium citrate as a calcium supplement......Page 197
7.3 Measuring the effectiveness of TCC......Page 198
7.4 TCC fortification......Page 200
7.6 Sources of further information......Page 201
7.7 References......Page 202
8.1 Introduction: key dietary factors in oral health......Page 204
8.2 The effects of ageing on oral health......Page 207
8.3 Dietary strategies for oral health......Page 208
8.4 Functional foods for promoting oral health......Page 212
8.5 Future trends......Page 215
8.7 References......Page 216
9.1 Introduction: the relationship between dental caries and dietary carbohydrates......Page 220
9.2 Xylitol and the prevention of dental caries......Page 222
9.3 The relationship between sucrose consumption and dental caries......Page 228
9.5 References......Page 236
10.1 Introduction......Page 243
10.2 Genetic influences of obesity......Page 244
10.3 Nutrient-sensitive genes......Page 254
10.4 Nutrient-gene interaction and the development of obesity......Page 256
10.5 Managing obesity: dietary and other strategies......Page 264
10.6 Future trends......Page 267
10.7 Sources of further information......Page 268
10.8 References......Page 271
11.1 Introduction: fat synthesis and nutrition......Page 280
11.2 Regulation of glycolytic/lipogenic enzymes......Page 284
11.3 Molecular mechanisms involved in controlling glycolytic/lipogenic genes......Page 286
11.4 Improving lipogenesis using functional foods......Page 290
11.5 Future trends......Page 292
11.7 References......Page 293
11.8 Abbreviations......Page 297
12.2 Factors influencing satiety and satiation......Page 298
12.3 The impact of different food components on satiety......Page 302
12.4 Developing biomarkers of satiety......Page 304
12.5 Future trends: using biomarkers to assess weight-control foods......Page 306
12.7 References......Page 307
13.1 Introduction: the human gut......Page 315
13.2 The structure of the gut and its immune system......Page 316
13.3 Nutrients and gut function......Page 325
13.4 Nutrients and the gut immune system......Page 328
13.5 Nutrition and gut health......Page 329
13.6 The role of functional foods in promoting gut health......Page 332
13.7 Future trends......Page 333
13.8 Sources of further information......Page 337
13.9 References......Page 338
14.1 Introduction......Page 345
14.2 Molecular based methods for identifying gut micro-organisms......Page 346
14.3 Methods of characterising human gut microbiota......Page 354
14.4 Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis for characterising microbiota......Page 360
14.5 Future trends......Page 361
14.7 References......Page 364
15.1 Introduction: the immune system in health, disease and ageing......Page 369
15.2 Dietary fatty acids: nomenclature, sources and intakes......Page 374
15.3 Fatty acid composition of immune cells and immune function: eicosanoids......Page 381
15.4 Dietary fatty acids and immune function: mechanisms of action......Page 384
15.5 Other mechanisms of action of dietary fatty acids not involving eicosanoids......Page 392
15.6 Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory diseases......Page 395
15.7 Targeting the immune function and inflammation: fatty acid-enriched functional foods......Page 398
15.9 References......Page 402
16.1 Introductuin......Page 414
16.2 Successional development of gastrointestinal microflora......Page 415
16.3 Modification of the gut microflora: probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics......Page 419
16.4 Factors affecting gut microflora in old age......Page 422
16.5 Immunosenescence and susceptibility to colon cancer in old age......Page 425
16.6 Future trends......Page 428
16.7 Conclusion......Page 429
16.8 References......Page 430
17.1 Introduction: defining probiotics and prebiotics......Page 436
17.2 Types of probiotics and prebiotics and their influence on gut health......Page 440
17.3 Investigating the effectiveness of probiotics and prebiotics: the case of antimicrobial function......Page 447
17.4 Improving the effectiveness of probiotics and prebiotics in optimising gut health......Page 481
17.5 Future trends......Page 483
17.8 References......Page 484
18.1 Introduction: mechanisms of degenerative disease......Page 505
18.2 Genetic/endogenous risk factors......Page 506
18.3 Environmental/exogenous risk factors......Page 513
18.4 Angiogenesis, body function, and degenerative disease......Page 515
18.5 Anti-angiogenesis functional food compounds......Page 521
18.7 Future trends......Page 531
18.9 References......Page 533
19.1 Introduction: probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics......Page 544
19.2 Gut microflora......Page 548
19.3 Colon cancer......Page 553
19.4 Risk factors and prevention of colon cancer......Page 561
19.5 Screening of colorectal cancers......Page 564
19.6 Diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancers......Page 566
19.7 Pre-, pro- and synbiotic influences on colon carcinogenesis......Page 572
19.8 Predicting tumour formation: biomarkers......Page 578
19.9 Future trends......Page 581
19.10 References......Page 583
20.1 Introduction......Page 601
20.2 Methods for identifying antimutagenic constituents in foods......Page 603
20.3 Limitations of methods for identifying antimutagenic compounds......Page 620
20.4 Future trends......Page 623
20.5 Sources of further information and advice......Page 624
20.6 References......Page 625
21.1 Introduction......Page 635
21.2 The role of glucosinolates in the prevention of cancer......Page 637
21.3 Mechanisms of action......Page 640
21.6 References......Page 643
22.1 Introduction: defining dietary fibre......Page 648
22.2 The relationship between dietary fiber intake and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract......Page 650
22.3 Epidemiological evidence on the protective role of dietary fiber......Page 654
22.4 Dietary fiber and hormonally related cancers......Page 657
22.5 Clinical studies of the protective role of dietary fiber......Page 658
22.6 The relationship between dietary fiber intake and different cancers......Page 659
22.7 Conclusions......Page 660
22.8 References......Page 661
23.1 Introduction......Page 665
23.2 Phytoestrogens in food: the effects of food processing and storage......Page 666
23.3 The role of phytoestrogens in the prevention of different cancers......Page 669
23.4 Mechanisms of action of phytoestrogens......Page 675
23.5 Future trends......Page 678
23.6 References......Page 679
24.1 Introduction......Page 689
24.2 Functional properties of plant phenolics and polyphenolics......Page 690
24.3 The role of phenolic compounds in the prevention of cancer......Page 694
24.5 Sources of further information and advice......Page 696
24.6 References......Page 697
25.1 Introduction......Page 701
25.2 The role of vitamins in the prevention of cancer......Page 703
25.3 Future trends......Page 720
25.5 References......Page 721
26.1 Introduction......Page 728
26.2 Managing inflammatory bowel disease: the role of probiotics......Page 729
26.3 Analysing the effectiveness of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease......Page 733
26.4 Future trends......Page 741
26.7 References......Page 742
27.1 Introduction: diet and gastrointestinal diseases......Page 746
27.2 Definitions of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics......Page 749
27.3 Saftey issues in the use of probiotics and prebiotics......Page 753
27.4 Methods for determining mode of action and effectiveness......Page 755
27.5 Evidence for the effects of pro-, pre- and synbiotics on acute and chronic diseases......Page 760
27.6 Sources of further information and advice......Page 764
27.7 Conclusion......Page 765
27.8 References......Page 766
Index......Page 773