Functional and Smart Materials

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Electrochromics for Smart Windows: Oxide-Based Thin Films
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Energy Efficiency of Chromogenic Fenestration
	1.3 History and Applications
	1.4 Operating Principles and Materials
		1.4.1 Transparent Conductive Electrodes
		1.4.2 Electrolyte
		1.4.3 Electrochromic Layer
	1.5 Electrochromic Oxide Films
		1.5.1 Anodic Coloured Material: NiO As Reference
		1.5.2 Cathodic Coloured Material: WO[sup(3)] As Reference
	1.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2 Polymeric Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Polymeric Biomaterials
		2.2.1 Natural Polymeric Biomaterials
			2.2.1.1 Proteins
			2.2.1.2 Polysaccharides
		2.2.2 Synthetic Polymeric Biomaterials
			2.2.2.1 Polyacrylates
			2.2.2.2 Polyesters
			2.2.2.3 Poly(Ortho-Esters)
			2.2.2.4 Poly(Alkylene Oxalates)
			2.2.2.5 Poly(Glycolic Acid)
			2.2.2.6 Poly(Lactic Acid)
			2.2.2.7 Other Synthetic Biomaterials
	2.3 Application of Polymeric Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
		2.3.1 Bone Regeneration
		2.3.2 Skin Regeneration
		2.3.3 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Amorphous Semiconductors: Past, Present, and Future
	3.1 Background of Problem
		3.1.1 Distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors
		3.1.2 Analogy between Amorphous and Crystalline Materials
		3.1.3 Techniques Used to Distinguish between Amorphous and Crystalline Materials
		3.1.4 Classifications of Amorphous Semiconductors
			3.1.4.1 Covalent Amorphous Semiconductors
			3.1.4.2 Ionic Amorphous Solids
			3.1.4.3 Metallic Amorphous Solids
	3.2 Band Models for Amorphous Semiconductors
		3.2.1 Cohen-Fritzsche-Ovshinsky (CFO) Model
		3.2.2 Davis and Mott Model
		3.2.3 Mott, Davis and Street Model
	3.3 Preparation of Amorphous Semiconductors
		3.3.1 Quenching Technique
		3.3.2 Thermal Evaporation Technique
		3.3.3 Flash Evaporation Technique
		3.3.4 Sputtering Technique
		3.3.5 Glow Discharge Decomposition Technique
		3.3.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique
		3.3.7 Pulsed Laser Deposition
		3.3.8 Other Techniques
	3.4 Experimental Techniques to Study Amorphous Materials
		3.4.1 Electrical Characterization
			3.4.1.1 DC Conductivity Measurements
			3.4.1.2 AC Conductivity Measurements
			3.4.1.3 Defect State Measurements
		3.4.2 Optical Characterization
	3.5 Applications of Amorphous Semiconductors
	3.6 Present Status
		3.6.1 Our Understanding in This Area
		3.6.2 Problems for Further Research in This Area
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Promise of Self-lubricating Aluminum-Based Composite Material
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Historical Background and Need for the Development of Al-SLMMCs
	4.3 Wear Mechanism
		4.3.1 Wear Measurement Techniques
		4.3.2 Erosive Wear
		4.3.3 Reciprocating Wear
		4.3.4 Pin on Disc
		4.3.5 High- and Low-Stress Wear Test
	4.4 Fabrication Methods for Al-SLMMCs
	4.5 Reinforcement for Self-lubricating Behavior
	4.6 Correlation between Mechanical and Tribological Aspect of Al-SLMMCs
	4.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5 Energy Materials and Energy Harvesting
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Cathodes
	5.3 Separators
	5.4 Anodes
	5.5 Binders: Properties and Functions
		5.5.1 Chemical and Electrochemical Stability
		5.5.2 Electrical and Ionic Conductivity
		5.5.3 Adherence/Mechanical Stability
		5.5.4 SEI Formation and Electrolyte Interaction
	5.6 Electrolytes
		5.6.1 Organic Liquid Non-Aqueous Electrolytes
		5.6.2 Ionic Liquids As Liquid/Quasi-Solid Electrolytes
		5.6.3 Solid Polymer Electrolytes
		5.6.4 Inorganic Solid Electrolytes or Ceramic Electrolytes
		5.6.5 Quantification of Ionic Conductivity
	5.7 Energy Harvesters and Renewable Technologies
		5.7.1 Li-Ion Batteries for Photovoltaics
		5.7.2 Power Management
		5.7.3 Successful Chemistries
	5.8 Future Market Projections
	5.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6 Advanced Processing of Superalloys for Aerospace Industries
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Demands and Improvements of Aircrafts
	6.3 What is a Superalloy?
	6.4 Types of Superalloys and Their Important Phases
		6.4.1 Ni-Based Superalloys
		6.4.2 Fe-Ni-Based Superalloys
		6.4.3 Co-Based Superalloys
	6.5 Fabrication Processes of Superalloys
		6.5.1 Investment Casting
		6.5.2 Directional Solidification
		6.5.3 Powder Metallurgy
			6.5.3.1 Conventional Press-and-Sinter
			6.5.3.2 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)
			6.5.3.3 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)
			6.5.3.4 Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
			6.5.3.5 Microwave Sintering
			6.5.3.6 Metal Injection Moulding (MIM)
			6.5.3.7 Additive Manufacturing
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7 Review on Rheological Behavior of Aluminum Alloys in Semi-Solid State
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Fundamentals of Rheology
		7.2.1 Newtonian Fluids
		7.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids
	7.3 Factor Affecting Viscosity
		7.3.1 Solid Fraction
		7.3.2 Temperature
		7.3.3 Shear Rate
	7.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 8 Bio-Nanomaterials: An Inevitable Contender in Tissue Engineering
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Historical Aspects of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
	8.3 Biomaterials: Functional Implications in Tissue Engineering
		8.3.1 Hydrogels
			8.3.1.1 Physical Hydrogels
			8.3.1.2 Chemical Hydrogels
		8.3.2 Chitosan
			8.3.2.1 Tissue Engineering Application
		8.3.3 Silk
			8.3.3.1 Applications of Fibroin-Based Biomaterial in Tissue Engineering
			8.3.3.2 Applications of Sericin-Based Biomaterial in Tissue Engineering
		8.3.4 Polyesters
			8.3.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
			8.3.4.2 Applications of PHAs
			8.3.4.3 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
			8.3.4.4 Application of PHB
	8.3.5 Calcium Phosphate Np’s (CaP)
	8.3.5.1 CaP in Bone Regeneration
			8.3.5.2 CaP in Clinical Dentistry
		8.3.6 Hydroxyapatite
	8.4 Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	Conflict of Interest Statement
	References
Chapter 9 Biomaterials
	9.1 History of Biomaterials
	9.2 Orthopaedic and Dental Implant Materials
	9.2.1 Metallic Implant Materials
	9.2.2 Biomaterials Based on Ca and P
		9.2.2.1 Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP)
		9.2.2.2 Tetracalcium Phosphate (TTCP)
		9.2.2.3 Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP)
		9.2.2.4 Apatite
		9.2.2.5 Porous and Dense HA Materials
		9.2.2.6 HA-Based Composites
		9.2.2.7 HA-Based Composite Coatings
		9.2.2.8 Bond Coat
		9.2.2.9 Significance of Bone Implant Interface
		9.2.2.10 Comparison of Biological and Synthetic HA
	9.3 Failure Mechanism of HA Coatings
		9.3.1 Dissolution Behaviour of Hydroxyapatite
		9.3.2 Unresolved Issues of Degradation of Hydroxyapatite
	References
Chapter 10 Characterisation and Optimisation of TiO[sub(2)]/CuO Nanocomposite for Effective Dye Degradation from Water under Simulated Solar Irradiation
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Experimental
		10.2.1 Preparation of TiO[sub(2)] Nanoparticles
	10.2.2 Synthesis of TiO[sub(2)]/CuO Nanocomposite
	10.2.3 Photocatalytic Activity Measurements
		10.2.4 Experimental Design
	10.3 Result and Discussions
	10.3.1 Characteristics of TiO[sub(2)]/CuO Nanocomposites
	10.3.2 Optimization Study
		10.3.3 Hydrogen Generation Capacity
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Dual Applicability of Hexagonal Pyramid-Shaped Nitrogen-Doped ZnO Composites as an Efficient Photocatalyst
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Experimental Procedure
		11.2.1 Chemicals
		11.2.2 Preparation of p-ZnO Photocatalyst
		11.2.3 Characterization of Photocatalyst
	11.2.4 Photoactivity Measurements
			11.2.4.1 Dye Decomposition
	11.2.4.2 Hydrogen Production
	11.3 Result and Discussions
		11.3.1 Characteristics of Photocatalyst
	11.3.1.1 UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
			11.3.1.2 X-ray Diffraction
			11.3.1.3 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM)
			11.3.1.4 Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis
			11.3.1.5 Particle Size Distribution (PSD) Analysis
			11.3.1.6 X-Ray Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy
		11.3.2 Photoactivity of N/ZnO
			11.3.2.1 Dye Decomposition
			11.3.2.2 Hydrogen Generation
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
Index