Fullerene Polymers

Fullerene Polymers......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
Contributors......Page 17
1.1 Polyfullerenes: A Brief History......Page 21
1.2 Classification of Polyfullerenes......Page 22
1.2.2 Organometallic Polymers......Page 23
1.2.3 Crosslinked Polymers......Page 24
1.2.4 End-Capped Polymers......Page 25
1.2.5 C60-Dendrimers......Page 26
1.2.6 Star-Shaped Polymers......Page 27
1.2.7 Main-Chain Polymers......Page 28
1.2.8.1 Double-Cable Polymers......Page 29
1.3 Outlook and Perspective......Page 30
References......Page 31
2.2 Main-Chain Polymers......Page 35
2.3.1 Polystyrene-C60 Polymers......Page 40
2.3.2 Polyacrylate-and Methacrylate-C60 Polymers and Copolymers......Page 43
2.3.4 Aminofishing Side-Chain Polymers......Page 46
2.3.5 Polyvinylcarbazoles......Page 48
2.3.6 Polyphosphazenes and Polysiloxanes......Page 49
2.3.7 Side-Chain C60-Polysaccarides......Page 52
2.3.8 Polyether-C60 Polymers......Page 53
2.3.9 Side-Chain Polymers Prepared by Organometallic Catalysis......Page 54
2.4 Conclusions and Further Perspectives......Page 57
References......Page 59
3.1 Introduction......Page 63
3.2.1 General Synthetic Approaches for C60-Containing Polymers......Page 64
3.2.2 Well-Defined C60 End-Capped Polymers by Controlled Radical Polymerization......Page 66
3.3.1 Self-Assembly of C60-End-Capped Polymers in Organic Solvents......Page 70
3.3.2.1 pH-Responsive C60-Containing Polymers......Page 75
3.3.2.2 Temperature-Responsive C60-Containing Polymers......Page 77
3.3.2.3 C60-Containing Polyampholytes......Page 80
3.3.2.4 Supramolecular Fractal Patterning......Page 84
3.3.2.5 Surfactant Induced Nano-Structures......Page 87
3.4 Summary......Page 93
References......Page 94
4.2 Synthesis and Properties of Double-C60-End-Capped Polymers......Page 99
4.3.1 FPEOF/PMMA Pseudo-SIPNs......Page 103
4.3.2 FPEOF/Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Pseudo-SIPNs......Page 104
4.3.3 FPBMAF/PVC Pseudo-SIPNs......Page 107
4.4 Optical Transmission Characteristics of Pseudo-SIPNs......Page 108
References......Page 113
5.1 Introduction......Page 117
5.2.1.1 Radical Copolymerization of Fullerenes with Vinyl Monomers......Page 118
5.2.1.2 Addition of Macro-radicals Obtained by“Controlled” Radical Polymerization......Page 119
5.2.2.1 Grafting of Neutral Nucleophiles......Page 124
5.2.2.2 Grafting of Charged Nucleophiles......Page 125
5.2.3 Other Grafting Reactions......Page 134
5.3.1 Controlled Radical Polymerization Using a C60(X)n as Initiator......Page 136
5.3.2 Anionic Polymerization Initiated by Fullerides C60x-(M+)x or “Living” Polymer Stars with a Fullerene Core (Polymer)xC60x-(M+)x (x ≤ M = Li, Na, K)......Page 137
5.4 Addition of Linear Polymer Chains on Plurifunctional Fullerene Derivatives......Page 139
5.5 Stability of the C60–Polymer Link......Page 142
References......Page 144
6.1 Introduction......Page 149
6.2 Helical Polymers with Pendant Fullerenes via Covalent Bonds......Page 150
6.3 Helical Array of Fullerenes along Helical Polymer Backbone via Noncovalent Bonds......Page 157
6.4 Inclusion of Fullerenes in a Helical Cavity......Page 160
6.5 Conclusion......Page 163
References......Page 164
7.1 Introduction......Page 167
7.2 Photoinduced Electron Transfer......Page 168
7.3 Organic Solar Cells......Page 176
7.4 Other Applications......Page 183
References......Page 187
8.1.1 Background......Page 191
8.1.2 Organic D-A Photovoltaics and Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells......Page 193
8.2 Double-Cable Polyfullerenes......Page 194
8.2.1 Photoinduced Charge Transfer in Double-Cable Polyfullerenes......Page 195
8.2.2 Electrochemically or Chemically Synthesized Double-Cable Polyfullerenes......Page 197
8.2.3 Double-Cables at Work: Photodetectors and Solar Cells......Page 200
8.3 Revisiting the Double-Cable Approach......Page 202
8.4 Conclusions......Page 204
References......Page 205
9.1 Introduction......Page 209
9.2 Nanofabrication of [60]Fullerene in the Solid State......Page 211
9.3 Self-Organization of Amphiphilic [60]Fullerenes......Page 216
9.4 Introduction of [60]Fullerenes onto Polymer Chains via Noncovalent Bonds......Page 222
9.5 Outlook......Page 234
References......Page 237
10.1 Introduction......Page 241
10.2.1 Synthesis of Fullerene-Rich Dendrons and Their Incorporation in Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett Films......Page 242
10.2.2 Synthesis of Fullerene-Rich Dendrons and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Their Nanoclusters......Page 247
10.3.1 Divergent Synthesis......Page 252
10.3.2 Convergent Synthesis......Page 254
10.4 Self-Assembly of Fullerene-Rich Dendrimers......Page 257
10.5 Conclusions......Page 262
References......Page 263
11.1 Introduction......Page 267
11.2.1 Poly(Aryl Ester) Dendrons Carrying Cyanobiphenyl Mesogenic Groups......Page 268
11.2.3 Poly(Benzyl Ether) Dendrons Carrying Flexible Alkyl Chains......Page 274
11.3 Liquid-Crystalline Fullero(codendrimers)......Page 280
Abbreviations......Page 287
References......Page 288
12.1 Introduction......Page 291
12.2 Carbon Nanotube Properties......Page 292
12.2.1 Electrical and Thermal Conductivity......Page 293
12.3 Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites......Page 295
12.3.1.1 “Grafting to” Method......Page 296
12.3.1.2 “Grafting from” Method......Page 302
12.3.2 Noncovalent Attachment......Page 303
12.4.1 Thermo-and pH-Responsive NT-Polymer Composites......Page 308
12.4.2 Molecular Sensors......Page 310
12.5 NT-Polymer Composites for Solar Energy Conversion......Page 311
12.5.1 NTs as Electron Acceptors in Donor–Acceptor Systems......Page 312
12.5.2 NT-Polymer Composites in Photoelectrochemical Devices......Page 315
12.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 317
References......Page 318
Index......Page 325