Fuel Cell - Handbook

Table of Contents......Page 3
List of Figures......Page 7
List of Tables and Examples......Page 11
Fuel Cell Description......Page 16
Cell Stacking......Page 22
Fuel Cell Plant Description......Page 23
Characteristics......Page 24
Advantages/Disadvantages......Page 26
Stationary Electric Power......Page 28
Distributed Generation......Page 36
Vehicle Motive Power......Page 40
Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Systems......Page 41
References......Page 50
Ideal Performance......Page 53
Actual Performance......Page 56
Fuel Cell Performance Variables......Page 61
Cell Energy Balance......Page 68
Cell Efficiency......Page 69
Gibbs Free Energy and Ideal Performance......Page 71
Polarization:  Activation (Tafel) and Concentration......Page 75
References......Page 78
Cell Components......Page 79
Water Management......Page 80
StateoftheArt Components......Page 81
Development Components......Page 84
Performance......Page 87
Direct Methanol Proton Exchange Fuel Cell......Page 90
References......Page 92
Alkaline Fuel Cell......Page 95
State-of-the-Art Components......Page 97
Development Components......Page 98
Effect of Pressure......Page 99
Effect of Temperature......Page 101
Effect of Impurities......Page 102
Effects of Current Density......Page 104
References......Page 106
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell......Page 108
State-of-the-Art Components......Page 109
Development Components......Page 112
Performance......Page 116
Effect of Pressure......Page 117
Effect of Temperature......Page 118
Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization......Page 119
Effect of Impurities......Page 121
Effects of Current Density......Page 124
Summary of Equations for PAFC......Page 125
References......Page 127
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell......Page 130
StateoftheArt......Page 133
Development Components......Page 138
Performance......Page 141
Effect of Pressure......Page 143
Effect of Temperature......Page 146
Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization......Page 148
Effect of Impurities......Page 152
Effects of Cell Life......Page 157
Internal Reforming......Page 158
Summary of Equations for MCFC......Page 161
References......Page 165
Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell......Page 171
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell......Page 173
StateoftheArt......Page 175
Cell Configuration Options......Page 178
Development Components......Page 183
Effect of Pressure......Page 185
Effect of Temperature......Page 186
Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization......Page 188
Effect of Impurities......Page 191
Effects of Cell Life......Page 193
References......Page 194
Fuel Cell Systems......Page 197
Fuel Processing......Page 198
Power Conditioners and Grid Interconnection......Page 226
System and Equipment Performance Guidelines......Page 228
Pressurization......Page 230
Temperature......Page 232
Utilization......Page 233
Heat Recovery......Page 234
Concluding Remarks on System Optimization......Page 235
Natural Gas Fueled PEFC System......Page 236
Natural Gas Fueled PAFC System......Page 237
Natural Gas Fueled Internally Reformed MCFC System......Page 240
Natural Gas Fueled Pressurized SOFC System......Page 241
Natural Gas Fueled Multi-Stage Solid State Power Plant System......Page 246
Coal Fueled SOFC System (Vision 21)......Page 250
Power Generation by Combined Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine Systems......Page 253
Heat and Fuel Recovery Cycles......Page 254
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Networks: Principles, Analysis and Performance......Page 266
Reactant Conditioning Between Stacks in Series......Page 270
Higher Total Reactant Utilization......Page 271
Comparison of Performance......Page 272
Technology......Page 273
Projects......Page 275
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)......Page 277
References......Page 279
Fuel Cell Calculations......Page 284
Fuel Processing Calculations......Page 299
Others......Page 303
Efficiency Calculations......Page 304
Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 306
Supporting Calculations......Page 310
Cost of Electricity......Page 318
Capital Cost Development......Page 319
Common Conversion Factors......Page 320
Automotive Design Calculations......Page 321
References......Page 322
Equilibrium Constants......Page 324
Contaminants from Coal Gasification......Page 325
Selected Major Fuel Cell References, 1993 to Present......Page 327
List of Symbols......Page 330
Organizations......Page 333
Codes & Standards......Page 335
Application Permits......Page 337
Worldwide Sites......Page 338
MCFC......Page 339
SOFC......Page 340
Siemens Westinghouse......Page 341
References......Page 347
INDEX......Page 349