Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, Volume 9

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End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Use of Preclinical and Early Clinical Data for Accelerating Antimicrobial Drug Development
	Mahesh N. Samtani1,*, Amarnath Sharma1 and Partha Nandy1
	INTRODUCTION
		Drug, Bug and Host Interactions: Five Critical Factors
	METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS
		Model for In-vitro MIC Distributions and Pathogen Frequency of Natural Occurrence
		Model for In-vivo PK/PD Target
		Population PK Parameters Representing Human Variability
		Target Attainment Computation
		Assumptions Adopted During Modelling And Simulation
	CASE-STUDY RESULTS: APPLICATION OF MONTE-CARLO APPROACH
		Target Indication and Patterns of In-vitro Killing
		Pathogen Susceptibility and Natural Occurrence
		PK/PD Target Based on The Murine Thigh Infection Model
		Clinical PK
		Monte Carlo Simulation Results
	SUMMARY
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	APPENDIX 1A
	APPENDIX 1B
	REFERENCES
Post-Translational Modifications: Host Defence Mechanism, Pathogenic Weapon, and Emerged Target of Anti-Infective Drugs
	Maria Amprazi1,2,#, Anastasia Tomatsidou3,4,#, Dimitra Paliogianni5,# and Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou6,*
	INTRODUCTION
	PTMS IN THE FRONTLINE OF EUKARYOTIC DEFENCE AND PATHOGENIC INVASION
		Innate Immunity
		Adaptive Immunity: Antibodies
		Eukaryotic Regulatory Processes Are Pathogenic Targets
	BACTERIAL PATHOGENICITY EMPOWERED BY PTMS
		Yersinia Yops Effectors: An Arsenal of Post-Translational Modifiers
		Activation of Bacterial Effectors by Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications
		Localization of Bacterial Effectors to Membranes by Host-Mediated Post Translational Lipidations
		Eliminylation: A Particular Case of Dephosphorylation
		AMPylation: An Emerging Modification in Bacterial Pathogenicity
		ADP-Ribosylation: An Ancient Modification with Huge Potential for Infection
		Deamidation: From Biological Clock to Virulence Factor
		Bacterial Deamidation of Host G Proteins
		Bacterial Deamidation of Transcription Factors Pauses Host Protein Synthesis
		Bacterial Deamidation Targets the Ubiquitin/Ubiquitin-Like Protein Signaling Pathways
		Bacterial Infection Interferes with the Canonical Ubiquitination
		Bacterial Proteins Modify and Disrupt the Host Ubiquitination Network
		Bacterial Proteins Are Modified by the Host Ubiquitination Network
		Bacteria have Evolved Non-Canonical Ubiquitinases and Deubiquitinases
		Phosphoribosyl Ubiquitinases and Deubiquitinases
		Ubiquitin Transglutaminases
	THE MULTIPLE FACETS OF GLYCOSYLATION IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENICITY
		O-Glycosylation of Bacterial Flagella
		N-Glycosylation of Bacterial Surface Proteins
		O-Glycosylation of Host Proteins by Bacterial Toxins
		N-Glycosylation of Host Proteins by Bacterial Effectors
	VIRAL PATHOGENICITY THOUGH PTMS
		Coronavirus (CoV) Family
	PTMS FOUND IN CORONAVIRUS PROTEINS
		Glycosylation
		Disulfide Bond Formation
		Palmitoylation
		Phosphorylation
		Ubiquitination
		How Coronaviruses Induce PTMs to Host Proteins
	THE POTENTIAL OF PTMS IN THE NEW ERA OF BIOPHARMACEUTICALS, ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIVIRALS
		The Challenge of Engineering PTMs in Biopharmaceuticals
		Potential Anti-Viral Drugs
		Promising Antimicrobial Targets
	PTMS IN NATURAL ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES AID SEARCH FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTICS
		Lasso Peptides
		Thiopeptides
		Lanthipeptides/lantibiotics
		Class I lantibiotics
		Class II Lantibiotics
		Class III and IV Lantibiotics
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Scope and Limitations on the Potent Antimicrobial Activities of Hydrazone Derivatives
	Jean Michel Brunel1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Hydrazones as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
		R is a Hydrogen
		R is an Aryl Group
		R is a Heterocyclic Ring
		Sulfonylhydrazones
		Ylidene Hydrazide Derivatives
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Current Scenario of Anti-Leishmanial Drugs and Treatment
	Priyanka H. Mazire1 and Amit Roy1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		History of Leishmaniasis
		Morphology of Leishmania Parasites
		Lifecycle of Leishmania Parasite
		Classification of Leishmaniasis
		Clinical Symptoms
		Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
		Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
		Treatment for Leishmaniasis
	CURRENTLY USED ANTI-LEISHMANIAL DRUGS
		Amphotericin B
			Mechanism of Action
			Treatment Regimen
			Miltefosine
			Mechanism of Action
			Treatment Regimen
			Paromomycin (PM)
			Mechanism of Action
			Treatment Regimen
			Pentavalent Antimonials ( SbV )
			Mechanism of Action
			Treatment Regimen
			Pentamidine
			Mechanism of Action
			Treatment Regimen
			Anti-leishmanial Activity of Compounds from Natural Sources
			Plants
			Marine Macroalgae
			Endophytes
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: The Potential Repurposing Drugs
	Wattana Leowattana1,*, Pathomthep Leowattana2 and Tawithep Leowattana3
	INTRODUCTION
	DENV REPLICATION
	DRUG REPURPOSING FOR DENGUE
		RdRp Inhibitors
			Balapiravir
			Sofosbuvir
			Ribavirin
		Antibiotic
			Doxycycline
		Iminosugars
		Celgosivir
			UV-4B
		Anti-parasitic drugs
			Chloroquine (CQ)
		Ivermectin
		Mast Cell Stabilizers
			Cromolyn and Ketotifen
		Leukotriene Inhibitor and Platelet-activating Factor (PAF) Inhibitor
			Montelukast and Rupatadine
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
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