From Slavery to Aid: Politics, Labour, and Ecology in the Nigerien Sahel, 1800–2000

Cover
Half-title
Dedication
Series information
Title page
Copyright information
Table of contents
List of Maps
List of Figures
Preface and Acknowledgements
	Maps and illustrations
Note on Language, Names, and Anonymisation
	Transcription of common and proper names
	The name ‘Ader’
	Anonymisation
	Note on the terminology of slavery
Currency Conversion Rates
Lis of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary
1 At the Desert's Edge
	Ecology and Politics
	The Imperative of Mobility
	From Slavery to Aid
	For a Perspectival History
	Conclusion
2 Between Sokoto and Agadez: Inter-Ethnic Hierarchy in the Nineteenth Century
	Land and People
	Ader at the Time of Sokoto's Expansion
	Sokoto's Tenuous Hold On Ader
	View From Within: Environmental and Political Insecurity
	The Organisation of Dependence in Tuareg Hierarchies
	Tributes, Violence, and Slavery
		Tributes
		Violence
		Slavery
	Asna Social and Supernatural Hierarchies
		Keita, the Lake
		The Sacrifice
	Asna-Tuareg Networks
	Conclusion
3 Entangled Histories of Colonial Occupation, 1899-1917
	Prelude to Occupation
	‘It Was Necessary to Show We Were the Strongest’
	Attitudes of Indigenous Chiefs: Hausa and Lissawan Submission
	Kel Gress Defeats at Zanguebe and Galma
	Makhammad and Iwellemmeden Resistance
	Normalising Government: Borders, Chiefs, and the ‘Bellah Question’
	‘The Bellah is Indispensable to the Tuareg’
	The Uprisings of 1916-1917
	Epilogue: The Massacre of Tanout
4 Governing Labour - Slave, Forced, and Migrant, 1918-1945
	Slow Death of the Indigénat
	Persistence of the Question Bellah
	The Crisis of Native Rule
	Prestations: Between Forced Labour and Fiscal Obligations
	The Migration Question
	From Slaves to Migrants
	Conclusion
5 The Development of ‘Development’, 1946-1983
	The Will To Develop: Colonial mise en valeur in the Keita Valley
	The Invention of a ‘Voluntary Region’
		The Committee of the Ader Doutchi Majiya
	How the New Institutions Worked
	Recasting Labour as Participation
		Social Impacts of Developmentalism in Keita, Tamaske, and Ibohamane
	The Development Society
	Desertification in National and International Policy
	The Initiative of Italian Cooperation in the Sahel
	Conclusion
6 Fighting Against the Desert, 1984-2000
	The Keita Project
	Managing ‘the Keita Miracle’
	Sensitising the Peasant
	La Femme de Keita
	Women Workers in the Project's Worksites
	Gender, Development, and the Slow Death of Slavery
	Negotiating Gender and Status in the Keita Project
	The Project and Labour Migration
	Conclusion
7 Between Development and Dependence
	Change and Continuity at the Desert's Edge
	Aid, Subjectification, and Subjection
	The Experience of Dependence
Bibliography
	Oral Testimonies and Interviews
	1999
	2005
	2008
	2010
	Fieldnotes
	Archives
	Archives Nationales de France, Centre d'Archives d'Outre-Mer (Aix en Provence): ANF-CAOM
	Service Historique de la Défense, Bibliothèque de l'Armée de Terre (Paris, Chateau de Vincennes): SHD-BAT
	Archives Nationales du Senegal: ANS
	Archives Nationales du Niger: ANN
	Niamey, Archives du Ministere du Plan (AMP)
	Tahoua, Archives Regionales de Tahoua (ART)
	Tahoua, Service Regional du Genie Rural (SRGR)
	Keita, Archives du Projet Keita (APK)
	Primary Sources
	Secondary Sources
	Published secondary sources
	Unpublished secondary sources
	Theses
	Dictionaries
Index