From Polysemy to Semantic Change: Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations

From Polysemy to Semantic Change......Page 2
Editorial page\r......Page 3
Title page\r......Page 4
LCC data\r......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
Semantic associations: A foreword......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 13
PART I. State of the Art......Page 16
1. Introduction......Page 18
2. Typology, semantic and lexical typology......Page 19
3.1 Possible words......Page 22
3.2 Semantic generality vs. polysemy, or when are meanings lexicalized?......Page 23
3.3 The meaning of \"meaning\": Denotation vs. sense, approximate vs. precise meaning definitions......Page 26
4. What meanings can and cannot be expressed by a single word?......Page 28
4.1 Categorization within lexical fields and conceptual domains:  A couple of examples to start with......Page 29
4.2 Domain-categorization studies: Language coverage and focus......Page 31
4.3 Methodology......Page 32
4.4 Questions and generalizations......Page 33
4.5 Explanations......Page 38
4.6 Universal vs. language-specific lexicalizations?......Page 39
5. What different meanings can be expressed by one and the same  lexeme or by words derivationally related to each other?......Page 41
5.1 Focusing on semantic motivation: Another look  at the body and outside......Page 42
5.2 Formal motivation and its semantic correlates......Page 47
5.3 Lexical semantics in cross-linguistic research on motivation......Page 50
6. What cross-linguistic patterns are there in lexicon-grammar interaction?......Page 52
7. Lexical typology: Past, present and future......Page 57
References......Page 61
PART II. Theoretical and methodological issues\r......Page 68
1. Introduction*......Page 70
2.1 Different means of reference accessing (on synonymy)......Page 71
2.1.1 Variable categorization, segmentation and construals......Page 72
2.1.2 Property selections and referential paths......Page 74
2.1.3 The internal architecture of meaning and the referential background......Page 75
2.2.1 Metaphor......Page 76
2.2.2 Metonymy......Page 81
2.2.3 Combining metaphor and metonymy......Page 84
2.3.1 Semantic universes: Frames and scenarios......Page 85
2.3.2 Connotations......Page 87
2.3.3 The depth dimension of language: Fabric of networks......Page 88
3.1 Motivation......Page 89
3.2 Opacity and accessibility......Page 91
4. Construing meaning in discourse: Stabilization mechanisms......Page 94
4.1.2 Primitive meaning attractors (prototypes, personal attractors  and discourse situations)......Page 95
4.1.3 Contextual meaning attractors: Semantic isotopics......Page 96
4.2 Contextual linkage and multiple landmarks......Page 97
4.2.2 The framing role of the verbal context......Page 98
4.2.3 Interactions between syntax and semantics......Page 99
4.2.4 Some semantic mechanisms at the utterance level......Page 101
4.3 Semantic layering......Page 103
References......Page 105
1. Introduction......Page 108
2.1 Polysemy and homonymy......Page 109
2.2 The role of cultural habits......Page 110
2.5 Mental schemas......Page 111
2.5.2 The ideeme......Page 112
2.5.4 The analytic schema......Page 113
3.2 Semiotization......Page 114
3.4 Paradigmatic parasemy: The taxeme......Page 117
4. Conclusion......Page 119
References......Page 120
1.1 The search for semantic parallels......Page 122
1.2 Onomasiology......Page 124
1.4 Change of designation and types of lexical change......Page 125
1.5 A two-dimensional lexicological approach......Page 128
2.1 A first exemplification: the target concept eyelash......Page 131
2.2 Extending the analysis: The concepts eyelid, eyebrow, and eyeball......Page 134
3.1 Dependent and independent conceptualisation......Page 135
3.2 Typical shifts within the frame eye......Page 138
3.3 Redundant compounds......Page 140
4. Typology and lexical change......Page 142
5. Conclusion......Page 144
References......Page 148
1. Introduction......Page 154
2. The Persian verbal system......Page 155
3. The verb xordæn......Page 156
4. Theoretical methods......Page 161
5.1 XORDÆN: Affected......Page 166
5.1.1 XORDÆN: Affected: Modified: Fused......Page 167
5.1.3 XORDÆN: Affected: Modified: Topology......Page 168
5.1.6 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Weapon: Hand Held......Page 169
5.1.9 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Trick......Page 170
5.2.1 XORDÆN: Suffering: Emotional......Page 171
5.3 XORDÆN: Usurping......Page 172
5.4.2 XORDÆN: Agitated: Rotation......Page 173
6. Concluding remarks......Page 174
References......Page 175
1. General issues of lexical typology*......Page 178
2.1 Monosemy vs. polysemy......Page 180
2.2 Overlapping polysemies......Page 181
3.1 Senses: The atoms within each molecule......Page 183
3.2 Colexification: The bonds between the atoms......Page 185
3.3 Strict vs. loose colexification......Page 186
3.4 Interpreting colexification......Page 187
3.5 Typological prospects......Page 189
4.1 General principles of semantic maps......Page 192
4.2 Connecting senses together......Page 193
4.3 Choosing a pivot notion......Page 195
5.1 A first overview of the verb \"breathe\"......Page 197
5.2 From the sense list to the map......Page 199
5.3 Exploring the noun \"breath\"......Page 201
5.3.2 \"Life\", \"spirit\", \"mind\", \"feelings\" …......Page 202
5.3.3 \"Soul\", \"spirit\", \"supernatural being\" …......Page 204
5.3.4 Going from \"breath\" to \"supreme spirit\"......Page 205
5.3.5 From \"soul\" to reflexive marking......Page 206
5.4 Drawing a more complete map for \"breathe\"......Page 207
6. Conclusion......Page 208
7.1.2 Classical Greek......Page 209
7.1.3 Classical Latin......Page 210
7.1.5 Mandarin Chinese......Page 211
7.1.8 Mwotlap......Page 212
7.1.10 Standard Arabic......Page 213
7.3 Appendix 3: Some isolectic sets for \"breathe\"......Page 214
References......Page 229
1. Preliminary remarks......Page 232
2. The structure of the lexicographic entry......Page 235
3. Problems......Page 240
Appendix. Examples of semantic shifts and their realizations.......Page 243
References......Page 245
1. Introduction......Page 248
2. The structure of French dictionary graphs......Page 249
2.1 Properties of field graphs......Page 250
2.2 Lexical graphs......Page 253
2.3 Hypothesis: The paradigmatic graphs of all natural languages are hierarchical small worlds......Page 258
3. Confluences in hierarchical small world networks......Page 259
3.1 Proxemy for confluence calculation......Page 260
3.2 Prox for disambiguating homonymy in dictionaries......Page 262
4. Confluence and semantic associations......Page 266
5. A typology of languages based on co-confluence in paradigmatic graphs......Page 271
6. Conclusion......Page 275
References......Page 276
PART III. Case studies......Page 280
1. Introduction......Page 282
2. Eating as lexical item......Page 283
3. The co-text of orthonymic eat......Page 287
4. The polysemy of eat in non orthonymic context......Page 290
5. Conclusion......Page 301
References......Page 303
1. Introduction......Page 306
2.1 \"Eat\" and \"tooth, masticating, biting\"......Page 307
2.3 \"Eat\" and \"irritate, itch\"......Page 308
3.1 \"Eating\" and \"trying, attempting, testing\" > \"choosing\" and \"tasting, sampling, savouring\"......Page 309
4. \"Eat\": Emotional aspects and physical sensations......Page 310
4.1 \"Eat\" and pleasant emotions: \"Find sb. attractive\"......Page 311
4.2 \"Eat\" and undergone emotions and sensations: \"Undergo sth. unpleasant\", \"suffer\", \"be beaten\"......Page 312
4.3 \"Eat\" and controlled activity: \"Do sb. harm, make sb.\'s life impossible\", \"hate\", \"destroy\"......Page 313
References......Page 315
1. Introduction......Page 318
2. \"Meat/animal\"......Page 319
3. \"Drink\"......Page 322
References......Page 330
Appendix: Quoted languages and sources......Page 329
1. Introduction......Page 332
2. \"Friend\" ~ \"duality\" ~ \"proximity\"......Page 334
2.1 \"Friend\" ~ \"other\" ~ \"one of the two\"......Page 335
2.2 \"Friend\" ~ \'follow, following\" ~ \"proximity\"......Page 337
2.3 Etymological discussion......Page 339
2.4 \"Friend\" ~ \"sharing\"......Page 340
3.2 \"Friend\" ~ complementarity......Page 343
3.3 \"Friend\" ~ \"one’s own\" ~ \"the familiar one\"......Page 345
4.1 \"Friend\" ~ duality ~ \"enemy\"......Page 346
4.2 Etymological discussion......Page 347
4.3 \"Duality\" ~ \"opposition\" ~ \"enemy\"......Page 348
4.4 Etymological discussion......Page 349
5. Conclusion......Page 350
References......Page 353
1. Introduction......Page 356
2. Background......Page 357
3. Data and methodology......Page 359
4.1 Auditory sense and internal reception......Page 362
4.2 Auditory sense, internal and intellectual perceptions......Page 363
4.4 Discussion and conclusions......Page 367
5.1 Vision and \"understanding\"......Page 369
5.2 Vision and \"knowing\"......Page 372
5.3 Vision, \"understanding\" and \"knowing\"......Page 373
5.4 Discussion and conclusions......Page 374
6 Prehension verbs and intellectual perceptions......Page 376
6.1 Prehension and \"understanding\"......Page 378
6.3 Prehension, \"understanding\" and \"learning\"......Page 379
6.4 Conclusions......Page 380
7. General conclusion......Page 381
References......Page 384
1. Introduction......Page 386
2. Parallelisms in isolation......Page 387
3.1 Parallelism associating the monkey and the cat to drunkenness......Page 388
3.2 Cat and insects......Page 389
3.3 Cat, monkey, insects and black mood......Page 391
3.4 Cat, monkey, insects and dreadful creatures......Page 393
3.5 Cultural and historical explanation......Page 394
4. The semantic parallelism with \"gloomy, grinning\"......Page 396
5. Conclusion......Page 399
References......Page 400
Index of general......Page 402
Index of languages......Page 412
Index of names......Page 416
The Studies in Language Companion Series......Page 420