From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History

CONTENTS
List of Maps
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
Measures
Abbreviations
Chapter One Introduction
	1.1 From Coffee to Tea
	1.2 Structure of the Book
	1.3 State of Research
	1.4 Period of Observation
Chapter Two Geography
	2.1 Geographical Features of Ceylon
Chapter Three History
	3.1 Pre-History and the Aryan and Dravidian Colonisations
	3.2 The Anuradhapura Period
	3.3 The Pollonaruwa Period
	3.4 The Shift of Sinhalese Capitals and the Tamil Kingdom of Jaffna
	3.5 The Portuguese in Ceylon
	3.6 The Dutch Period
	3.7 The British Take-Over and the Conquest of Kandy
	3.8 Reforms and Economic Development
Chapter Four Demography
	4.1 Colonial Population Censuses in Ceylon
	4.2 The Growth of the Population, 1881–1901
	4.3 Ethnic Composition of the Population, 1881–1901
	4.4 Religious Composition of the Population, 1881–1901
Chapter Five Export Economy
	5.1 The Rise of \'King Coffee\'
	5.2 Depression and Recovery
	5.3 Monoculture, the Coffee Leaf Disease and the Period of Transition
	5.4 The Depression of the Early 1880s
	5.5 The Transition to Tea
	5.6 Tea and the Sinhalese
	5.7 The Evolution of Coconut Plantations
	5.8 Diversification: The Emergence of Rubber Plantations
	5.9 Transition—Consolidation—Diversifi cation
Chapter Six Resources
	6.1 The Factors of Production
	6.2 Land
	6.3 Labour
	6.4 Capital
	6.5 Infrastructure
Chapter Seven Subsistence
	7.1 A Subsistence Economy
	7.2 Wet Rice Cultivation
	7.3 Wet Rice Irrigation
	7.4 The Paddy Tax and its Impact on the Peasantry
	7.5 Chena Cultivation
Chapter Eight Administration
	8.1 Administrative Units
	8.2 The Ceylon Civil Service
	8.3 The Governor and the Government Agents
	8.4 The Legislative Council
	8.5 The Departments
	8.6 The Headmen System
Chapter Nine Education
	9.1 British Educational Policy, 1796–1867
	9.2 The Morgan Committee and the Department of Public Instruction
	9.3 Education, 1880–1900
Chapter Ten New Elites
	10.1 Elite Status and Social Stratifi cation
	10.2 National Elites—The Mudaliyars
	10.3 National Elites—The Nouveaux Riches
	10.4 Local Elites—Headmen and Moneylenders
	10.5 Non-Elites—The Peasantry and the Labourers
Chapter Eleven Immigrants
	11.1 Social Background of the Immigrants
	11.2 Recruitment, Coast Advances, tundus and the kanganies
	11.3 En Route to the Plantations
	11.4 Rice, Balance Wages and Indebtedness
	11.5 Medical Aid Schemes
Chapter Twelve Revivals
	12.1 Christian Missionary Activity and Buddhist Response
	12.2 The Buddhist Revival: Theosophist Organisation
	12.3 The Buddhist Revival: Central Issues
	12.4 The Hindu Revival
	12.5 The Muslim Revival
Chapter Thirteen Conclusion
	13.1 Export Economy and Monoculture
	13.2 The Transformation of the Factors of Production
	13.3 Peasant Agriculture
	13.4 \"Deconstructing the Dualistic Model\"
	13.5 Administration and Education
	13.6 New Elites and Immigrant Labourers
Bibliography
Index