From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific: Diplomacy in a Contested Region

Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
From Asia–Pacific to Indo-Pacific: Diplomacy in an Emerging Strategic Space
	The Indo-Pacific: Emerging World Region or Strategic Construct?
	Perspectives on Diplomacy
	The Contributions to This Volume
	References
The Asia–Pacific’s ‘Age of Uncertainty’: Great Power Competition, Globalisation and the Economic-Security Nexus
	Context: Our Age of Uncertainty
	Great Power Competition and International Order
	Globalisation and Deeper Power Shifts
	The Economic–Security Nexus
		The Economic Foundations of Hegemony
		China’s ‘Connectivity Power’
		Globalisation’s Discontents
	Conclusion
	References
Economic Diplomacy and Diplomatic Economists in the Asia–Pacific
	International Economic Diplomacy
	International Economic Theory
	Structural Changes and Their Implications
		Changing Trade Patterns
		Socio-Economic and Demographic Change
		Technology
		Climate Change
		Impacts on Economic Diplomacy
	Anti-Globalisation
	The Trade War
		US Policies
		China Policies
		The Tech War
		The Financial War
		The COVID-19 Pandemic
	Impacts on the Region
		Third Countries
		New Zealand and APEC
America’s Rebalancing Towards the Asia–Pacific in Retrospect and Prospect
	Introduction
	Asia as the ‘Secondary Theatre’
	The Pivot to Asia
	Trump’s Asia Policy
	China and the New Foreign Policy Paradigm
	Asia Policy in a New Administration
	Conclusion
	References
China’s Evolving Asia–Pacific Policy: From Asserting Chinese Interests to Coping with the Indo-Pacific Challenge
	Introduction
	Asserting Chinese National Interests in the Asia–Pacific
		Conflict with Japan
		Rising Tensions in the South China Sea
		Sino-South Korean Conflict
		Deterrence Failure of US ‘Strategic Rebalance to Asia–Pacific’?
	The Indo-Pacific Strategy: A Real Challenge for China?
		Deterioration of Sino-American Relations
		Chinese Perceptions of the Indo-Pacific Strategy
		China’s Possible Policy Response to the Indo-Pacific Strategy
	Conclusion
	References
Japan’s Asia–Pacific Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century: Empty Rhetoric or a New Paradigm?
	The Rise of Japan’s Values-Based Diplomacy
	Tokyo’s Values Diplomacy in Action
	The Deepening Sino-Japanese Conflict
	‘Proactive Pacifism’ Abe-Style
	Values Diplomacy and the United States–China Rivalry
	Japan’s Values-Based Diplomacy: Empty Rhetoric or a New Paradigm?
	References
Narendra Modi and the  Remaking of Indian Diplomacy
	Prime Ministers and Indian Diplomacy
	Pace and Innovation
	Summitry and Personal Diplomacy
		Seeing Xi
		Sharif and Khan
	Conclusion
	References
Australia and New Zealand’s South Pacific Diplomacy: Seeking to Balance China’s Regional Engagement
	Introduction
	The South Pacific: An Important Oceanic World Region
	China’s Growing Regional Engagement
	Australia ‘Steps up’ Its Regional Engagement
	New Zealand also ‘Resets’ Its Pacific Engagement
	Differences Between the Approaches of Australia and New Zealand: Climate Policy and Beyond
	Conclusions
	References
Navigating the ‘New Normal’: New Zealand Track II Diplomacy and the Shifting Dynamics in Asia
	Introduction
	A ‘New Normal’?
	Navigation of New Zealand’s Relationships with the United States and China
	Like-Mindedness
	Commitment to Multilateralism
	‘Asia–Pacific’ vs ‘Indo-Pacific’: What`s in a Name?
	The Importance of ASEAN
	Where Does New Zealand Fit into All of This?
	Conclusion: New Zealand’s Foreign Policy — Balancing Interests, Values and Partnerships
	References
The Rise of New-Generation Foreign Policy Think Tanks in India: Causes, Contours and Roles
	Introduction
	Think Tanks in Global Comparison and Conceptual Perspective
	India’s New-Generation Foreign Policy Think Tanks
	More Funding and Better Access to Information
	The Multiple Roles of Think Tanks
	The Blurring of Power and Ideas
	Policy Impact and Funding Issues
	Conclusions
	References
Building ASEAN Identity Through Regional Diplomacy
	Introduction
	Dividends of Peace
	Increasing a Sense of Belonging
	ASEAN Identity as an Institutional Identity
	ASEAN Identity as a Communal Identity
	ASEAN Awareness
	The ASEAN Foundation
	The Feeling of ASEAN Citizenship
	Conclusion
	References
Confidence, Trust and Empathy: Threat Perception and the Prospects for Peace in Korea and the South China Sea
	Key Concepts
		Confidence
		Trust
		Empathy
	Confidence, Trust and Empathy: Connections, Pathways, Sequencing
	From Theory to Practice: Threat and Threat Perception in Korea and the South China Sea
		North Korea
		The South China Sea
	Conclusion
	References
The End of the Golden Weather: New Zealand’s Trade Policy During a Time of International Transition
	Introduction
	Why Trade Matters for New Zealand
	New Zealand Trade Policy and International Relations Theory
	The End of the Golden Weather for New Zealand Trade Policy
	The Global Trade Policy Context—We Have Not Been Here Before
		While This is Happening, the Nature of Global Trade is Changing …
		… and so Are Public Expectations of Trade Agreements
		Filling the Trade Policy Leadership Vacuum
		Avoiding the ‘Traps’
	A Flexible Six-Part Framework for Trade Policy in Turbulent Times
		Greater Emphasis on ‘Concerted Open Plurilateralism’
		Sustaining Global and Regional Public Goods to Shore up Institutions and the Rules
		…while also Preserving the Social Licence for Trade Policy
		A Sharpened Economic Diplomacy Focus is a Key Part of the COVID-19 Trade Recovery Strategy
		…and Australia Remains the Indispensable Partner
	Conclusions
	References
Democracy Under Strain in the Philippines: The Populist Politics and Diplomacy of President Rodrigo Duterte
	Introduction
	Authoritarian Populism on the Rise
		Making Sense of Duterte’s Populism
		From Aquino’s Daang Matuwid (Straight Path) to Duterte’s Strongman Rule
		Implementing the Davao Model: War on Drugs
	Some Political Continuities: More of the Same
		Patronage Politics
	Rehabilitation of the Marcoses
	Politicising the Military and Militarising the Bureaucracy
	Strategic Shifts in the Philippines’ Foreign Policy
	Philippine Relations with China Under Arroyo and Aquino
	From Aquino’s Balancing Act to Duterte’s Rapprochement with China
	Duterte’s Gamble: Costs and Benefits of Appeasement Policy Towards China
	More Aggressive Chinese Naval Intrusions
	Towards a Perilous Future: Long-Term Implications of Duterte’s Policies
	References
Index