From Artemisia annua L. to Artemisinins

Binder 0
	Book review by Dayrit, Fabian M.
	000  Front matter
	001  About the Author
	003  List of Contributors
	004  Foreword
	005  Preface
	006  The Discovery History of Artemisinin
Binder1
	01  Introduction
		Chapter 1 - Introduction
			1 - The History of Artemisia annua L. and Its Antimalarial Efficacy
			References
			Further Reading
	02  Studies of the Certified and Confused Herba Artemisiae Annuae
		Chapter 2 - Studies of the Certified and Confused Herba Artemisiae Annuae
			1 - A Revision of the Chinese Name of the Sweet Wormwood Plant
			2 - Market Research on the Commercial Herba Artemisiae Annuae [15]
			3 - Original Plants of Artemisia annua L. and Its Five Confused Congeners
				3.1 - Artemisia annua L.
				3.2 - Artemisia apiacea Hance
				3.3 - Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.
				3.4 - Artemisia capillaris Thunb
				3.5 - Artemisia japonica Thunb
				3.6 - Artemisia eriopoda Bunge
			4 - Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Studies of Artemisia annua L. and Its Five Confused Congeners
				4.1 - Artemisia annua L.
				4.2 - Artemisia apiacea Hance
				4.3 - Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.
				4.4 - Artemisia capillaris Thunb
				4.5 - Artemisia eriopoda Bunge
				4.6 - Artemisia japonica Thunb
			5 - Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
			6 - Study of Chemical Constituents of A. annua L. and Its Confused Congeners
			7 - Dynamic Research on Chemical Constituents of A. annua L.
			References
	03  Research on Artemisia annua L. for the Treatment of Malaria
		Chapter 3 - Research on Artemisia annua L. for the Treatment of Malaria
			1 - Researches on Active Antimalarial Ingredients in Herbs
				1.1 - Exploration and Identification
				1.2 - Research on Pharmacodynamics of Active Neutral Moiety in Artemisia annua L.
					1.2.1 - Plasmodium berghei
					1.2.2 - Plasmodium inui (Plasmodium cynomolgi)
				1.3 - Researches on the Safety of Neutral Moiety in Artemisia annua L.
					1.3.1 - Acute toxicity
					1.3.2 - Effect on the heart
					1.3.3 - Effect on the liver
					1.3.4 - Effect on kidneys
					1.3.5 - Pathological examination
					1.3.6 - Human trials
				1.4 - First Research on Clinical Efficacy of Active Neutral Moiety in Artemisia annua L.
			2 - Separation and Purification of the Active Ingredient (Artemisinin) and Determination of Its Antimalarial Efficacy and C...
				2.1 - Discovery of Artemisinin
				2.2 - Researches on Safety of Artemisinin and Determination of Clinical Antimalarial Effect
					2.2.1 - Acute toxicity test
					2.2.2 - Effect on heart
					2.2.3 - Effect on liver
					2.2.4 - Histopathological examination
					2.2.5 - Observation of toxic and side effect in human trials
				2.3 - Identification of the Chemical Structure of Artemisinin
			3 - First Measurement of Absolute Configuration of Artemisinin With Anomalous Scattering of Oxygen Atom in China
				3.1 - Experiment and Data Processing
				3.2 - Determination of Structure
				3.3 - Amendment of Structure
				3.4 - Determination of Absolute Configuration
	04  Advancement in Researches on Chemical Ingredients in Artemisia annua L
		Chapter 4 - Advancement in Researches on Chemical Ingredients in Artemisia annua L.
			1 - Terpenoids
				1.1 - Sesquiterpenes-Like Compounds
				1.2 - Other Terpenoids
			2 - Other Compounds
				2.1 - Coumarins
				2.2 - Flavonoids
				2.3 - Aliphatic and Enyne Compounds
				2.4 - Others
			3 - Gas Chromatography Analysis of Volatile Oils
			References
	05  Studies on Quality Control of Qinghao
		Chapter 5 - Studies on Quality Control of Qinghao
			1 - Artemisinin
				1.1 - Identification of Artemisinin in Qinghao by TLC
				1.2 - Determination of Artemisinin in Qinghao [1] (Aerial Part of Artemisia annua L.)
					1.2.1 - Chemicals, reagents, and materials
					1.2.2 - Apparatus and chromatographic conditions
					1.2.3 - Reference solution and calibration curve
					1.2.4 - Test solution
					1.2.5 - Precision
					1.2.6 - Stability
					1.2.7 - Repeatability
					1.2.8 - Recovery
					1.2.9 - Quantitative determination of artemisinin in Qinghao
			2 - Scopoletin
				2.1 - Identification of Scopoletin in Qinghao by TLC
				2.2 - Determination of Scopoletin in Qinghao (Aerial Part of Artemisia annua L.)
					2.2.1 - Chemicals, reagents, and materials
					2.2.2 - Apparatus and chromatographic conditions
					2.2.3 - Reference solution and calibration curve
					2.2.4 - Test solution
					2.2.5 - Precision
					2.2.6 - Repeatability and stability
					2.2.7 - Recovery
					2.2.8 - Quantitative determination of scopoletin in Qinghao
			Reference
	06  Studies on Pharmacological Actions of Artemisia annua
		Chapter 6 - Studies on Pharmacological Actions of Artemisia annua
			1 - Studies on Antipyretic, Heat-Resistant, Antiinflammatory, Analgesic, and Antimicrobial Actions of Artemisia annua
				1.1 - Water-Extracted Portion
					1.1.1 - Fever reduction test
					1.1.2 - High temperature resistance test
					1.1.3 - Antiinflammation test
					1.1.4 - Pain relief test
				1.2 - Solvent-Extracted Portion
					1.2.1 - Fever reduction test
					1.2.2 - High temperature resistance test
					1.2.3 - Antiinflammation test
				1.3 - Antiinflammation Test of Scopoletin
				1.4 - Antimicrobial Tests
					1.4.1 - Methods
					1.4.2 - Results
				1.5 - Acute Toxicity Test
			2 - Studies on Pharmacological Actions of Volatile Oils of Artemisia annua
				2.1 - Studies on Expectorant, Antitussive, and Antiasthmatic Actions
				2.2 - Toxicity Tests of Volatile Oils of Artemisia annua
					2.2.1 - Acute toxicity test
					2.2.2 - Subacute toxicity test
					2.2.3 - Effect of volatile oils of Artemisia annua on serum alanine transaminase level
					2.2.4 - Conclusions
				2.3 - Formulation Studies
					2.3.1 - Formula
					2.3.2 - Preparation
				2.4 - Clinical Studies
			3 - Progress in Pharmacological Action Studies and Clinical Application of Artemisia annua
				3.1 - Immunomodulation Function
				3.2 - Antischistosoma Activity
				3.3 - Antiviral Action
				3.4 - Antimicrobial Action
				3.5 - Antiendotoxin Action
				3.6 - Pharmacological Action of Artemisia annua Prescriptions
				3.7 - Antifeedant Activity Against Pests
				3.8 - Other Biological Activities and Clinical Application
			References
	07  Studies on the Cultivation and Breeding of Artemisia annua L
		Chapter 7 - Studies on the Cultivation and Breeding of Artemisia annua L.
			1 - Biological Characteristics of Artemisia annua and Its Progress
				1.1 - Cultivation of Artemisia annua
					1.1.1 - Harvest
					1.1.2 - Postharvest handling
				1.2 - Reproductive Physiology of Artemisia annua
				1.3 - Physiology and Biochemistry of Artemisia annua
				1.4 - Structural, Biochemical, and Physiological Functions of the Glandular Trichomes of Artemisia annua
				1.5 - Genetic Improvement
			2 - Tissue Culture of Artemisia annua L.
				2.1 - Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration
				2.2 - Determination of Artemisinin Content
			3 - Hairy Root Cultures of Artemisia annua L.
				3.1 - Hairy Root, Untransformed Root, and Callus Cultures of Artemisia annua
				3.2 - Selection of Artemisinin High-Yielding Hairy Root Lines
				3.3 - Dynamics of Growth and Artemisinin Biosynthesis of Hairy Root of Artemisia annua
			4 - Induction of Shoot Clusters of Artemisia annua L.
				4.1 - Factors Influencing the Induction of Artemisia annua Shoot Clusters
					4.1.1 - Effects of medium components on the induction rate of shoot clusters
					4.1.2 - Differences of shoot clusters induction rate in explants of different culture time and different genotypes
					4.1.3 - Effects of light, temperature, and photoperiod on the induction of shoot clusters
				4.2 - Regulation of Physicochemical Factors on the Growth of Shoot Clusters and Artemisinin Biosynthesis
					4.2.1 - Effect of constituents of culture medium on the growth of shoot clusters and artemisinin biosynthesis
						4.2.1.1 - Inorganic constituents
						4.2.1.2 - Other constituents
					4.2.2 - Effects of light, temperature, and growth cycle on the growth of shoot clustersand artemisinin biosynthesis
			5 - Artemisinin Production in Bioreactors
			6 - Space Breeding of Artemisia annua L.
				6.1 - Screening of Space-High-Yield Strain
				6.2 - Field Cultivation of Space-High-Yield Strain SP-18
				6.3 - Comparison of Artemisinin Content of SP-18 Planted in the South and in the North of China
			Acknowledgments
			References
	08  Metabolic Engineering of Artemisia annua L
		Chapter 8 - Metabolic Engineering of Artemisia annua L.
			1 - Progress in the Molecular Regulation of Artemisinin Biosynthesis
				1.1 - The Biosynthetic Pathway of Artemisinin
					1.1.1 - From acetyl-CoA to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP)
					1.1.2 - From farnesyl diphosphate to artemisinin
				1.2 - Related Enzymes of Artemisinin Biosynthesis
					1.2.1 - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR)
					1.2.2 - Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS)
					1.2.3 - Sesquiterpene synthase (cyclase)
						1.2.3.1 - Separation and purification of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase
						1.2.3.2 - Gene cloning, function analysis, and heterologous expression of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase
					1.2.4 - Amorpha-4,11-diene hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 monooxygenase)
					1.2.5 - Artemisinic aldehyde ∆11(13) double bond reductase (DBR2)
					1.2.6 - Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1)
					1.2.7 - Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1)
					1.2.8 - Dihydroartemisinic aldehyde reductase (Red1)
					1.2.9 - Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)
				1.3 - Gene Regulation of Artemisinin Biosynthesis
			2 - Establishment of Genetic Transformation System of Artemisia annua
				2.1 - Ri Plasmid-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Artemisia annua
					2.1.1 - Effects of different Agrobacterium rhizogenes on the morphology and induction rate of hairy roots
					2.1.2 - Effects of Artemisia annua genotype on the induction rate and morphological characteristics of hairy roots
					2.1.3 - Effects of seedling age and explants types on the induction rate of hairy roots
					2.1.4 - Effect of preculture period of Artemisia annua, culture period, and concentration of Agrobacterium rhizogenes on th...
					2.1.5 - Effect of phenols on the induction rate of hairy roots
				2.2 - Ti Plasmid-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Artemisia annua
					2.2.1 - Influence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain and genotype of Artemisia annua on transformation efficiency
					2.2.2 - Influence of preculture period on transformation efficiency
					2.2.3 - Influence of the composition of infection medium on transformation efficiency
					2.2.4 - Influence of cocultivation on transformation efficiency
			3 - Genetic Transformation of Artemisia annua by Heterologous Related Genes and Their Influences on Artemisinin Biosynthesis
				3.1 - Hairy Root Cultures and Analysis of Artemisinin Content of Artemisia annua Transformed by Cotton Cadinene Synthase (C...
				3.2 - Culturing of Cotton Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FPS) Gene Transformed Hairy Roots and Artemisinin Content Analysis
				3.3 - Ti-Mediated Transformation of Artemisia annua With a Recombinant Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FPS) Gene and Artemis...
			4 - Cloning and Function Analysis of the Genes Involved in Artemisinin Biosynthesis
				4.1 - Cloning and Enzymatic Analysis of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FPS) Gene From Artemisia annua
					4.1.1 - Cloning and sequence analyzing of AaFPS1 cDNA
					4.1.2 - Expression and function identification of the AaFPS1
					4.1.3 - Kinetic studies
				4.2 - Molecular Cloning, Escherichia coli Expression, and Molecular Analysis of Amorpha-4,11-diene Synthase (ADS) Gene From...
					4.2.1 - Cloning of Artemisia annua ADS1 cDNA
					4.2.2 - Escherichia coli expression of ADS1 and purification of ADS1
					4.2.3 - Characterization of recombinant ADS1
					4.2.4 - Cloning of ADS1 genomic DNA
					4.2.5 - Southern blotting analysis of ADS1 gene
					4.2.6 - Organ-specific expression pattern of ADS1
				4.3 - Molecular Cloning, Escherichia coli Expression and Genomic Organization of Squalene Synthase (SQS) Gene From Artemisi...
					4.3.1 - cDNA cloning of AaSQS
					4.3.2 - Comparison of the amino acid sequence AaSQS with other squalene synthases
					4.3.3 - Genomic organization of the AaSQS
					4.3.4 - Escherichia coli expression and purification of AaSQS
					4.3.5 - Function identification of AaSQS
			5 - Effects of Overexpression of Artemisia annua Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase on the Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua
				5.1 - Recombinant Plant Expression Vector and Molecular Detection of the Transgenic Plants
				5.2 - Analysis of FPS Enzyme Activity and Artemisinin Content of the Transgenic Artemisia annua
				5.3 - Effects of Overexpressing the Endogenous FPS on the Regulation of Artemisinin Biosynthesis
			6 - Effects of Overexpressing of ADS Gene on the Regulation of Artemisinin Biosynthesis
			7 - Effect of Antisense Squalene Synthase Gene Expression on the Increase of Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua
				7.1 - Detection of Squalene Content in Transgenic Plants
				7.2 - Detection of Artemisinin Content in Transgenic Plants
				7.3 - Regulation of Artemisinin Biosynthesis by Expressing Antisense Squalene Synthase Gene
			8 - Effect of Antisense β-Caryophyllene Synthase Gene Expression on the Increase of Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua
			9 - Effects of ipt Gene Expression on the Physiological and Chemical Characteristics of Artemisia annua
				9.1 - Expression of the ipt Gene in Transgenic Artemisia annua Plants and Their Physiological and Biochemical Changes
				9.2 - Overexpression of the ipt Gene Increased the Biosynthesis of Cytokinins, Chlorophyll, and Artemisinin
			10 - The Effects of FPF1, CO Gene on Artemisia annua Flowering Time and on the Linkage Between Flowering and Artemisinin Bi...
				10.1 - The Effects of Flower-Promoting Genes on the Flowering Time of Transgenic Artemisia annua
				10.2 - No Existence of Direct Linkage Between Flowering and Artemisinin Biosynthesis
			Acknowledgments
			References
	09  Introduction to Artemisinin
		Chapter 9 - Introduction to Artemisinin
	10  Structure and Properties of Artemisinin
		Chapter 10 - Structure and Properties of Artemisinin
			1 - Overview of Structure of Artemisinin
			2 - Chemical Properties and Reactions of Artemisinin
				2.1 - Reaction of Peroxy Group
				2.2 - Borohydride Reduction
				2.3 - Other Reduction Reactions
				2.4 - Reactions With Bases
				2.5 - Reactions With Acids
				2.6 - Electrochemical Properties
			3 - Color Reactions of Artemisinin
				3.1 - Condensation Reaction of PDAB
				3.2 - Ferric Hydroxamate Test
				3.3 - 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
				3.4 - Alkaline m-Dinitrobenzene Test
				3.5 - Vanillin-Sulfuric Acid Color Reaction
				3.6 - Acidic Potassium Iodide Solution Test
			References
	11  Research on Assays of Artemisinin
		Chapter 11 - Research on Assays of Artemisinin
			1 - Quantitative Reactions of Artemisinin and Its Analysis Methods
				1.1 - Reaction of Iodometry
				1.2 - Ferric Hydroxamate Test
					1.2.1 - Methods
				1.3 - Base Reaction
				1.4 - Acid Conversion Reaction After Base Reaction
					1.4.1 - Methods
				1.5 - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
					1.5.1 - Methods
				1.6 - Gas Chromatography (GC)
				1.7 - Methylation of Base Reaction–Acid Conversion Product
					1.7.1 - Methods
				1.8 - 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) Derivatization of Base Reaction–Acid Conversion Product
					1.8.1 - Methods
			2 - Advances in Analytical Methods of Artemisinin
				2.1 - Pulse Polarography
				2.2 - Gas Chromatography (GC)
				2.3 - Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) Scanning
				2.4 - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
					2.4.1 - Direct HPLC–UV determination
					2.4.2 - HPLC–evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC–ELSD)
					2.4.3 - HPLC–electrochemical detection (HPLC–ED)
					2.4.4 - HPLC–MS
				2.5 - Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography (SFC)
				2.6 - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
				2.7 - Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
			References
	12  Research on Extraction Methods for Artemisinin
		Chapter 12 - Research on Extraction Methods for Artemisinin
			1 - From the Initiation of the Extraction and Separation Technology of Artemisinin to the Formation of the First Production...
			2 - Research Progress on Extraction and Separation Technology of Artemisinin
				2.1 - Extraction With Conventional Organic Solvents
				2.2 - Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction
				2.3 - Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
				2.4 - High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
			References
	13  Research on Synthetic Method of Artemisinin
		Chapter 13 - Research on Synthetic Method of Artemisinin
			1 - Total Synthesis
			2 - Semisynthesis
			References
	14  Pharmacological Studies on Artemisinin
		Chapter 14 - Pharmacological Studies on Artemisinin
			1 - Research on Antimalarial Effect
				1.1 - Effect of Artemisinin on Plasmodium
					1.1.1 - In vivo experiments
					1.1.2 - In vitro experiments
				1.2 - Effect of Artemisinin on Tissue-Stage Plasmodium
				1.3 - Antirecrudescence Effect of Artemisinin
				1.4 - Effect of Artemisinin on the Ultrastructure of Rodent Plasmodium
					1.4.1 - Materials and methods
					1.4.2 - Results
			2 - General Pharmacology Studies
				2.1 - Nervous System
					2.1.1 - Test in dogs
					2.1.2 - Test in rats
				2.2 - Cardiovascular System
					2.2.1 - Test in dogs
					2.2.2 - Test in cats
				2.3 - Respiratory System
					2.3.1 - Test in dogs
					2.3.2 - Test in rabbits
			3 - Pharmacokinetic Studies [1,2]
				3.1 - Animals
					3.1.1 - Materials and methods
					3.1.2 - Results
				3.2 - Human Bodies
					3.2.1 - Pharmacokinetics of artemisinin tablets in human body after oral administration
					3.2.2 - Bioavailability of artemisinin tablets in human body
			References
	15  Toxicological Studies of Artemisinin
		Chapter 15 - Toxicological Studies of Artemisinin
			1 - Acute Toxicity
			2 - Subacute Toxicity
				2.1 - Subacute Toxicity Test of Artemisinin in Rats
				2.2 - Subacute Toxicity Test of Artemisinin in Monkeys
					2.2.1 - Results
			3 - Particular Toxicity
				3.1 - Mutation Tests
					3.1.1 - Ames test
					3.1.2 - Micronucleus test
					3.1.3 - Induction of sister chromatid exchange and micronuclei in V79 cells with artemisinin
					3.1.4 - Conclusions
				3.2 - Reproductive Toxicity Test
					3.2.1 - Effects of artemisinin on reproductive functions of male rats
					3.2.2 - Studies on teratogenic action of artemisinin
			References
	16  Clinical Studies of Artemisinin
		Chapter 16 - Clinical Studies of Artemisinin
			1 - Acquisition of the First IIPR Class I New Drug Certificate for Artemisinin
			2 - Artemisinin Tablets
			3 - Artemisinin Suppositories
			References
	17  Overview of Dihydroartemisinin
		Chapter 17 - Overview of Dihydroartemisinin
			References
	18  Preparation and Identification of Dihydroartemisinin
		Chapter 18 - Preparation and Identification of Dihydroartemisinin
			1 - Preparation of Dihydroartemisinin
				1.1 - Chemical Equation
				1.2 - Preparation
			2 - Identification of Dihydroartemisinin
				2.1 - Elemental Analysis
				2.2 - Mass Spectrometry
				2.3 - NMR Analysis
				2.4 - Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis
					2.4.1 - X-ray diffraction
					2.4.2 - X-ray diffraction findings
	19  Analytical Methods and Quality Standards for Dihydroartemisinin
		Chapter 19 - Analytical Methods and Quality Standards for Dihydroartemisinin
			1 - Physical and Chemical Parameters of Dihydroartemisinin
				1.1 - Description
				1.2 - Identification
				1.3 - Inspection
			2 - Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
			3 - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
				4 - UV Spectrophotometry
	20  Pharmacological Studies of Dihydroartemisinin
		Chapter 20 - Pharmacological Studies of Dihydroartemisinin
			1 - Studies on Antimalarial Pharmacodynamics
				1.1 - In Vivo Tests
					1.1.1 - Pharmacodynamic test against murine plasmodia
					1.1.2 - Pharmacodynamic test against simian plasmodia
				1.2 - Pharmacodynamic Properties Against Human Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro
					1.2.1 - Test materials
					1.2.2 - Methods and results
			2 - General Pharmacology Studies
				2.1 - Nervous System
					2.1.1 - Effects on the locomotor activity of mice by righting reflex
					2.1.2 - Writhing test in white mice (analgesic test)
					2.1.3 - Sedative acitivity
				2.2 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
			3 - Pharmacokinetic Studies
				3.1 - Animals
				3.2 - Human
					3.2.1 - Materials and methods
					3.2.2 - Results
			4 - Effects of Dihydroartemisinin on the Development of Plasmodium yoelii in Mosquitoes
				4.1 - Materials and Methods
					4.1.1 - Parasites
					4.1.2 - Animals
					4.1.3 - Test drug
					4.1.4 - Anopheles stephensi
					4.1.5 - Gametocyte morphology observation
					4.1.6 - Statistical processing
				4.2 - Results
					4.2.1 - Effects of test dugs on the infectivity of gametocytes
					4.2.2 - Effects of different doses of dihydroartemisinin on the development of malaria parasites in mosquitoes
					4.2.3 - Effects of dihydroartemisinin on the morphology and structure of gametocytes and sporozoites
					4.2.4 - Effects of dihydroartemisinin on sporozoite proliferation and development after direct action on the oocysts in mos...
				4.3 - Discussion
			References
	21  Toxicology Studies of Dihydroartemisinin
		Chapter 21 - Toxicology Studies of Dihydroartemisinin
			1 - Acute Toxicity
				1.1 - Animals
				1.2 - Test Methods
				1.3 - Results
			2 - Subacute Toxicity
				2.1 - Subacute Toxicity in Rats
				2.2 - Subacute Toxicity in Dogs
					2.2.1 - Conclusions
			3 - Special Toxicities
				3.1 - Mutagenicity Tests
					3.1.1 - Micronucleus test
					3.1.2 - Chromosome aberration test with Chinese Hamster Lung cells
					3.1.3 - Ames test
				3.2 - Reproductive Toxicity Test
					3.2.1 - Effects on mother mice
					3.2.2 - Effects on fetal mice
			References
	22  Clinical Studies of Dihydroartemisinin
		Chapter 22 - Clinical Studies of Dihydroartemisinin
			1 - Dihydroartemisinin—Another Class One New Drug Certificate
			2 - Dihydroartemisinin Tablets (Brand Name: COTECXIN Tablets)
				2.1 - Phase I Pharmacokinetic Study
				2.2 - Phase I Clinical Study
				2.3 - Phase II Clinical Trial
					2.3.1 - Stage I study
						2.3.1.1 - Reticulocyte examination
						2.3.1.2 - ECG examination
					2.3.2 - Stage II study
					2.3.3 - Brief summary
				2.4 - Phase III Clinical Trial
					2.4.1 - Population and methods
					2.4.2 - Results
				2.5 - Package Insert of Dihydroartemisinin Tablets
			3 - Dihydroartemisinin Suppositories
			Acknowledgments
	23  Artemisinins
		Chapter 23 - Artemisinins
			1 - Artesunate
			2 - Artemether
			3 - Arteether
			References
	24  The Pharmacological Research Progress of Artemisinin for Antimalarial Treatment
		Chapter 24 - The Pharmacological Research Progress of Artemisinin for Antimalarial Treatment
			1 - Pharmacodynamics Features
			2 - Pharmacokinetics
			3 - Mechanism of Action
			4 - Side Effects
			5 - Drug Resistance
			References
	25  Advancement in Research on Artemisinin Derivatives and Relevant Compounds
		Chapter 25 - Advancement in Research on Artemisinin Derivatives and Relevant Compounds
			1 - Artemisinin Derivatives
				1.1 - C12 Derivatives
					1.1.1 - Ether derivatives of artemisinin
					1.1.2 - Artemisinin–carboxylate and carbonate derivatives
					1.1.3 - Aromatic amine and N-heterocyclic derivatives of artemisinin
				1.2 - C13 Derivatives
				1.3 - C4 Derivatives
			2 - Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.1 - Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds With Peroxide Bridge
				2.2 - Demethylated Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.3 - Decarbonylated Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.4 - Steroid Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.5 - Lactam Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.6 - Ring-Opening Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.7 - 4,5-Epoxy-Carbon-Substituted–Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
				2.8 - Artemisinin Structure Simplifier
				2.9 - Other Artemisinin Structure-Related Compounds
			References
	26  Study Progress in Other Pharmacological Effects of Artemisinins
		Chapter 26 - Study Progress in Other Pharmacological Effects of Artemisinins
			1 - Antitumor Effects
				1.1 - The Antitumor Effects of Artemisinins
				1.2 - The Antitumor Mechanism of Artemisinins
					1.2.1 - The inhibition of tumor cell proliferation
					1.2.2 - Inhibition of angiogenesis
					1.2.3 - Induction of apoptosis
			2 - Immunomoregulation Effects [34]
				2.1 - Action of Artemisinins on Immune-Related Diseases
					2.1.1 - Immunoregulatory effects on systemic lupus erythematosus
					2.1.2 - Immune regulation on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
				2.2 - The Action Mechanism Study on the Immunoregulation of Artemisinins
			3 - Antischistosomal Effect [53–56]
			4 - Antiinflammatory Effect
			5 - Liver Protection Effect
			6 - Antiarrhythmic Effect
			7 - Antiviral Effect
			8 - Toxoplasmosis Treatment Effect
			9 - Anticanine Eperythrozoon Effect [84]
			10 - Anticoccidial Effect
			11 - Antiasthmatic Effect
			12 - Antipregnancy Effect
			References
	90  Appendix
	91  Index