Friction, wear, lubrication: a textbook in tribology

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface to Second Edition......Page 12
Contribution to Preface from Professor Ludema’s Widow......Page 14
Authors......Page 16
  Journals and Periodicals......Page 18
  Books......Page 19
 The Several Disciplines in the Field of Tribology......Page 20
 the Consequences of Friction and Wear......Page 21
 The Scope of Tribology......Page 23
  Other Maintenance......Page 24
 Reference......Page 25
 Introduction......Page 26
 Tensile Testing......Page 27
 (Elastic) Failure Criteria......Page 28
 Transformation of Stress Axes and Mohr Circles......Page 29
 Material Properties and Mohr Circles......Page 32
 von Mises versus Mohr (Tresca) Yield Criteria......Page 34
 Visco-elasticity, Creep, and Stress Relaxation......Page 36
 Damping loss, Anelasticity, and Irreversibility......Page 40
 Hardness......Page 41
 Nanoindentation Measurement of Mechanical Properties......Page 43
 Residual Stress......Page 45
 Fatigue......Page 46
 Fracture Toughness......Page 48
 Application to Tribology......Page 50
 References......Page 52
 Atomic (Cohesive) Bonding Systems......Page 54
 Atomic Arrangements: Lattice Systems......Page 57
 Dislocations, Plastic Flow, and Cleavage......Page 60
 Adhesion Energy......Page 61
 Adsorbed Gas Films......Page 62
 Technological Surface Making......Page 68
 Residual Stresses in Processed Surfaces......Page 70
 Surface Integrity......Page 72
 References......Page 73
 Contact Mechanics of Normal Loading......Page 74
 Adhesive Contact of Locally Contacting Bodies......Page 78
 Area of Contact2......Page 79
 Surface Temperature in Sliding Contact......Page 82
 Temperature measurement......Page 87
 References......Page 89
 Classification of Frictional Contacts......Page 90
 Early Phenomenological Observations......Page 91
 Early Theories......Page 92
 Development of the Adhesion Theory of Friction......Page 93
 Limitations of the Adhesion Theory of Friction......Page 98
 Adhesion in Friction and Wear and How it Functions......Page 99
 Adhesion of Atoms......Page 100
 Elastic, Plastic, and Visco-elastic Effects in Friction......Page 101
 Friction Controlled by Surface Melting and Other Thin Films......Page 106
 Rolling Resistance or Rolling Friction1......Page 107
 Friction of Compliant Materials and Structures, and of Pneumatic Tires......Page 111
 The Influence of Some Variables on General Frictional Behavior......Page 114
 Static and Kinetic Friction......Page 116
 Vibrations and Friction......Page 117
  Effect of Severe Uncoupled Vibration on Apparent Friction......Page 119
 Testing......Page 120
  Measuring Systems......Page 121
 Analysis of Friction Data......Page 124
 Perspective on Friction......Page 126
 References......Page 127
 Classification of Lubricant Films......Page 128
  Surface Tension, Wetting......Page 129
  Historical Development of Lubrication Theory......Page 130
 Elastohydrodynamics......Page 133
 Current State of Knowledge on Fluid Film Lubrication......Page 136
 Seals......Page 137
 Squeeze Film......Page 139
 Lubrication with Grease......Page 140
 Lubrication with Solids......Page 141
 References......Page 144
 Introduction......Page 146
 Friction in Marginal Lubrication......Page 148
 Wear in Marginal Lubrication......Page 149
 Boundary Lubrication......Page 150
 The Mechanical Aspects of Scuffing (Without Chemical Considerations)......Page 154
  The λ Ratio......Page 155
  The Plasticity Index......Page 156
  Shear Instability......Page 158
  Experimental Work......Page 159
  Further Mechanical Effects of the Boundary Lubricant Layer......Page 160
 Surface Protection When λ < 1 – Break-In......Page 161
  General Conditions......Page 162
  Competing Mechanical and Chemical Mechanisms......Page 163
  Joint Mechanical and Chemical Interaction......Page 164
 Prognosis......Page 165
 References......Page 166
 Introduction......Page 168
  Terminology in Wear......Page 169
 History of Thought on Wear......Page 171
  Dry Sliding of Metals......Page 173
  Oxidative Wear......Page 179
  Dry Sliding Wear of Polymers......Page 180
  Wear of Ceramic Materials......Page 185
  Abrasion, Abrasive Wear, and Polishing......Page 189
  Erosion......Page 192
  Pitting......Page 194
 Perspectives and Practical Design implications......Page 195
 References......Page 196
 What is Available......Page 198
  Empirical Equations......Page 200
  Semiempirical Equations......Page 201
  The Search......Page 202
  Analysis of Equations......Page 204
  Observations......Page 205
  Pathway to Progress......Page 209
 References......Page 211
 Design Philosophy......Page 212
  In-House Design......Page 214
 Steps in Selecting Materials for Wear Resistance......Page 216
 Testing and Simulation......Page 219
  Standard Tests and Test Devices......Page 220
   Necessary Variables to Consider in Wear Testing......Page 221
  Criterion for Adequate Simulation......Page 222
 Material Selection Table......Page 223
 Introduction......Page 228
  Planning......Page 229
  First Level of Surface Examination......Page 230
  Second Level of Surface Observation – Electron Microscopy......Page 232
  Selecting Chemical Analysis Instruments......Page 233
  The Lateral Resolution Required to Discern Interesting Features......Page 236
 Optical Microscopy......Page 237
 Surface Roughness Measurement......Page 238
  Stylus Profilometer......Page 239
  Optical Profilometry......Page 240
  Introduction......Page 242
   Basics......Page 243
   The Measurements of X-Ray Energy......Page 244
   Instruments That Use Electrons and X-Rays......Page 245
   Instruments That Use Light......Page 250
 Ellipsometry and Its Use in Measuring Film Thickness......Page 251
 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)......Page 255
 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Milling......Page 256
 References......Page 257
 Introduction......Page 258
 Surface Treatments......Page 259
 Surface Modification Processes......Page 261
 Coating Processes......Page 262
 Thin Film Coatings......Page 265
  Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings......Page 266
  Nanocomposite Coatings4......Page 268
 Quality Assessment of Coatings......Page 270
 Perspective of Surface Engineering for Tribological Applications......Page 271
 References......Page 272
 Bearings and Materials......Page 274
  Description......Page 275
  Life and Failure Modes......Page 276
 Sliding Bearings......Page 278
 Materials for Sliding Bearings......Page 279
 Gears......Page 280
 Gear Teeth Meshing Kinematics......Page 281
 Lubrication of Gear Teeth......Page 282
 Gear Tooth Failure Modes......Page 283
 Gear Materials......Page 285
 References......Page 286
Index......Page 288