Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators

Freshwater Algae......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Copyright Acknowledgements......Page 13
1.1.1 Algae – an overview......Page 15
1.1.2 Algae as primary producers......Page 16
1.1.4 Planktonic and benthic algae......Page 17
1.1.5 Size and shape......Page 18
1.2 Taxonomic variation – the major groups of algae......Page 19
1.2.1 Microscopical appearance......Page 22
1.2.3 Molecular characterization and identification......Page 23
1.3.1 Cytology......Page 26
1.3.2 Morphological and taxonomic diversity......Page 27
1.3.3 Ecology......Page 29
1.4.2 Morphological diversity......Page 31
1.4.3 Ecology......Page 32
1.5 Euglenoids......Page 35
1.5.2 Morphological diversity......Page 36
1.6.1 Cytology......Page 37
1.6.4 Yellow-green algae as bioindicators......Page 38
1.7.1 Cytology......Page 39
1.7.2 Morphological diversity......Page 40
1.7.3 Ecology......Page 41
1.8.1 Cytology......Page 42
1.8.3 Biodiversity......Page 43
1.8.5 Cryptomonads as bioindicators......Page 44
1.9.2 Morphological diversity......Page 45
1.9.4 Chrysophytes as bioindicators......Page 46
1.10.1 Cytology......Page 47
1.10.2 Morphological diversity......Page 49
1.10.3 Ecology......Page 52
1.10.4 Diatoms as bioindicators......Page 53
1.12 Brown algae......Page 54
2.1 Protocol for collection......Page 55
2.1.1 Standing water phytoplankton......Page 56
2.2.1 Phytoplankton trawl net......Page 60
2.2.2 Volume samplers......Page 62
2.2.3 Integrated sampling......Page 63
2.2.4 Sediment traps......Page 64
2.3.1 Turbidity......Page 65
2.3.3 Pigment concentrations......Page 67
2.4 Flow cytometry: automated analysis of phytoplankton populations......Page 74
2.5.1 Sample preservation and processing......Page 75
2.5.2 Species counts......Page 77
2.5.3 Conversion of species counts to biovolumes......Page 84
2.5.4 Chemical cleaning of diatoms......Page 89
2.6.1 Molecular analysis......Page 90
2.6.2 Analytical microscopical techniques......Page 91
2.7 Deep water benthic algae......Page 96
2.7.1 Benthic–pelagic coupling......Page 97
2.8.1 Substrate......Page 98
2.8.2 Algal communities......Page 101
2.9.2 Biomass......Page 103
2.9.3 Taxonomic composition......Page 105
2.10.1 Inorganic substratum......Page 107
2.10.2 Plant surfaces......Page 109
3.1.1 Biomarkers and bioindicators......Page 113
3.1.2 Characteristics of bioindicators......Page 114
3.1.3 Biological monitoring versus chemical measurements......Page 115
3.1.4 Monitoring water quality: objectives......Page 116
3.2.1 Contemporary planktonic and attached algae as bioindicators......Page 119
3.2.2 Fossil algae as bioindicators: lake sediment analysis......Page 120
3.2.3 Water quality parameters: inorganic and organic nutrients, acidity and heavy metals......Page 124
3.3 Wetlands......Page 133
3.4.2 River diatoms......Page 135
3.4.3 Evaluation of the diatom community......Page 136
3.4.4 Human impacts and diatom indices......Page 137
3.4.5 Calculation of diatom indices......Page 140
3.4.6 Practical applications of diatom indices......Page 142
3.5.1 Ecosystem complexity......Page 147
3.5.2 Algae as estuarine bioindicators......Page 148
4.1.1 Using the key......Page 151
4.2 Key to the main genera and species......Page 152
4.3 List of algae included and their occurrence in the key......Page 255
4.4 Algal identification: bibliography......Page 257
Glossary......Page 259
References......Page 269
Index......Page 279