Fresh Water and Watersheds

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About The Handbook of Natural Resources
Acknowledgments
Aims and Scope
Editor
Contributors
Section I: Fresh Water and Hydrology
	1 Aquifers: Groundwater Storage
		Introduction
		Compressibility
		Confined Aquifer Storage
		Unconfined Aquifer Storage
		Confining Units
		Three-Dimensional Storage
		Conclusion
		References
		Bibliography
	2 Aquifers: Recharge
		Introduction
		Water Budget Methods
		Methods Based on Surface Water or Ground Water Data
		Darcian Methods
		Tracer Methods
		Other Methods
		References
	3 Artificial Reservoirs: Land Cover Change on Local Climate
		Introduction
		Is the Impact of Dams Detectable from Observational Records?
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	4 Drainage and Water Quality
		Environmental Conditions
		Pollutant Properties
		Management Practices
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Endorheic Lake Dynamics: Remote Sensing
		Introduction
		Global Distribution of Endorheic Lakes
		Remote Sensing Monitoring of Endorheic Lakes
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	6 Eutrophication
		Introduction
		Cultural Eutrophication
		Rate of Eutrophication
		Effects of Eutrophication
		Reduction and Management
		References
	7 Evaporation: Lakes and Large Bodies of Water
		Introduction
		Techniques for Measuring Lake Evaporation
		Estimation of Evaporation
		References
	8 Evaporation and Energy Balance
		Introduction
		Energy Balance and Water Availability
		Determination of the Surface Energy Balance
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
	9 Field Water Supply and Balance
		Introduction
		Water Balance Components
		Applications
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Hydrologic Cycle
		Processes and Pathways
		Energy Sources
		Hydrologic Reservoirs and Implications for Humans
		References
	11 Hydrologic Modeling of Extreme Events
		Introduction
		Trex Model
		Site Description and Model Calibration
		Extreme Event Simulation
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	12 Hydrology: Environmental
		Introduction
		History
		Environmental Hydrology and Water Quality
		Environmental Hydrology and Water Quantity
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	13 Hydrology: Urban
		Introduction
		Alteration of Hydrologic Processes
		Hydrograph Effects
		Mitigation
		Conclusions
		References
	14 Impervious Surface Area: Effects
		Introduction
		Land Cover Change and Impervious Cover
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Bibliography
	15 Infiltration Systems and Nitrate Removal
		Introduction
		Microbial Removal Processes
		Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems
		Permeable Reactive Barriers
		Conclusion
		References
	16 Low-Impact Development
		Introduction
		Typical Characteristics of Low-Impact Development
		Limitations
		Site Design and Management Objectivesfor Low-Impact Development
		Conclusion
		References
Section II: Water Management
	17 Groundwater Contamination
		Introduction
		Types of Contaminants
		Sources of Contamination
		Effect of Climate
		Transport of Contaminants
		Fate of Contaminants
		References
	18 Groundwater: World Resources
		Introduction
		Aquifer Types
		Availability and Use
		Groundwater Resources Distribution
		References
	19 Irrigation: River Flow Impact
		Introduction
		Hydrograph Modification
		Basin Irrigation Efficiency
		Environmental Concerns
		References
	20 Land Change and Water Resource Vulnerability
		Introduction
		Agriculture
		Urban
		Conclusion
		References
	21 Pesticide Contamination: Groundwater
		Introduction
		Pesticide Use
		Associated Pesticide Behavior in Soils and Water
		Groundwater Contamination
		Management of Point Sources of Groundwater Contamination
		Management of Non-Point Sources of Groundwater Contamination
		Future Research
		References
	22 Pesticide Contamination: Surface Water
		Introduction
		Detection Frequency, Concentrations, and Seasonal Cycles of Pesticides Found in Surface Water
		Pesticide Toxicity in Surface Water
		Factors That Affect Pesticide Movement to Surface Water
		Conclusion
		References
	23 Stormwaters: Management
		Introduction
		Stormwater Causes
		Water Quality Characteristics of Stormwater
		Stormwater Control
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Stormwater: Urban Modeling
		Introduction
		Rainfall Analysis and Climate Change
		Overland Flow
		Channel Flow
		Low Impact Development-Best Management Practices (LID-BMPS)
		Environmental Protection Agency Stormwater Management Model (EPA SWMM)
		EPA SWMM Applications for Overland and Channel Flow
		EPA SWMM Applications for LID Implementations
		References
	25 Surface Water: Nitrogen Enrichment
		Introduction
		Nitrate Levels in Surface Waters
		Land Use Controls to Reduce Nitrogen Enrichment to Surface Waters
		References
	26 Surface Water: Nitrogen Fertilizer Pollution
		Introduction
		Problems Caused by Nitrogen Pollution of Surface Waters
		Sources of N Pollution
		Fertilizers
		What Happens When Fertilizer Is Applied to Soil?
		Hydrologic Processes
		Spatial Variability
		Watershed Scale Analyses
		Hydrologic Process Models
		The Role of Fertilizer Use Efficiency
		Additional Needs and Approaches for Reducing Nitrogen Transport
		Conclusions
		References
	27 Transpiration
		Background
		Stomata
		Leaf Transpiration Rate
		Canopy Transpiration Rate
		References
	28 Transpiration: Water Use Efficiency
		Development of the Concept of Water Use Efficiency
		Water Use Efficiency on an Evapotranspiration Basis
		Water Use Efficiency on a Transpiration Basis
		Transpiration Efficiency Units
		Transpiration Efficiency and Comparison Across Seasons
		Instantaneous Transpiration Efficiency Measured at an Individual Leaf Level
		Physiology of Transpiration Efficiency
		Environmental Influences on Transpiration Efficiency
		Transpiration Efficiency in Drought Research
		References
	29 Water Deficits: Development
		Introduction
		The Soil, Plant, and Atmosphere Continuum
		Water Status of Crop Plants
		Mechanisms for Control of Water Transport
		Measurement of Plant–Water Relations
		Effects of Water Deficits
		Conclusion
		References
	30 Watershed Hydrology and Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC)
		Introduction
		LULCC Impact
		Hydrologic Impact of LULCC
		Hydrologic Modeling
		Conclusions
		References
	31 Rain-Use Efficiency: Remote Sensing
		Introduction
		Calculation of Rain-Use Efficiency by Satellite Observations
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	32 Water Management: South Asia
		Introduction
		Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
		Conclusions
		References
Section III: Water and Watershed Monitoring
	33 Water Quality and Monitoring
		Introduction
		Monitoring Network Design
		Water Quality Problem
		Objectives
		Statistical Designs
		Scale of Study
		Variable Selection
		Sample Type
		Sampling Location
		Sampling Frequency and Duration
		Sample Collection and Analysis
		Land Use and Management Monitoring
		Conclusion
		References
		Bibliography
	34 Algal Bloom Monitoring: Remote Sensing
		Introduction
		Monitoring Phytoplankton Abundance Using the Spectral Signature of Chlorophyll
		Forecasting Chlorophyll Concentrations Using Ocean Color Algorithms
		Reflectance Classification Algorithms
		Reflectance Band Ratio Algorithms
		Spectral Band Difference Algorithms
		Bio-Optical Models
		Estimating Bloom Initiation and Duration
		Monitoring Algal Blooms in Inland Lakesand Drinking Water Reservoirs
		Satellite Monitoring of Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwater Water Bodies
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	35 Mapping Impervious Cover in Catchments Using High Spatial Resolution Aerial Imagery
		Introduction
		Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	36 Analysis of Impervious Cover in Riparian Zones
		Introduction
		Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	37 Cyanobacteria in Inland Waters: Remote Sensing
		Introduction
		Spectral Characteristics of Inland Waters
		Basic Radiative Transfer Equation
		Empirical Algorithms for PC Estimation
		Semi-Empirical Algorithms for PC Estimation
		Semi-Analytical Algorithms for PC Estimation
		Performance Comparison among Semi-Empirical and Semi-Analytical Models
		Practical Considerations and Current Challenges
		Conclusions
		References
	38 Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Water Footprint Research
		Introduction
		Methodology and Data Sources
		General Statistical Analysis
		Research Hotspots Analysis
		Terms Co-Occurrence and Cluster Analysis
		Conclusions
		References
	39 Calculation Method of Crop Water Footprint under Rain-Fed Condition
		Introduction
		Calculation of Crop Water Footprint under No Irrigation
		Calculation of Crop Water Footprint under Inadequate Irrigation
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	40 Optical Properties of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM): Poyang Lake
		Introduction
		Water Sampling and Analysis
		Absorption Characteristics of CDOM
		Conclusions
		References
Index