Fresh Perspectives on the 'War on Terror'

Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror’......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Table of Cases......Page 11
Table of Statutes......Page 15
Table of International Instruments......Page 19
Introduction: Letters from the Front......Page 21
Part One – Identifying the Threat and Choosing the Weapons......Page 27
Introduction......Page 29
The British Government’s Approach......Page 30
Islamism’s Place in Political Islam and its Relationship to Violence......Page 33
Islamist Politics and ‘The West’......Page 37
Creating a Space where Islam can Define Itself......Page 39
A Humanist Response to the Authoritarianism of Terrorism......Page 43
Introduction......Page 47
Torture in Theory......Page 49
Torture in Practice......Page 54
Defending It......Page 56
Opposing it......Page 60
Introduction......Page 65
Bird’s Eye View: Anti-Terrorism Law and the Principle of Legality......Page 68
Rights Don’t Matter......Page 72
Paper Tiger......Page 76
Trojan Horse......Page 77
Narcotic Effect......Page 78
Part Two – Preparing the Ground: Balance, Proportionality, and Public Perceptions......Page 83
Introduction: The Balancing Model......Page 85
The Critique of Balancing......Page 86
The Making of Terrorism Law:Uncivil Politics of Law Reform......Page 93
Preventative, Pre-emptive and Precautionary Models of Counter-Terrorism Law......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 102
Introduction......Page 105
Exceptionalism and Siege Mentality......Page 106
Use of ‘Motive’ in the Definition of Australian Terrorist Act Offences......Page 109
Design......Page 111
Adapting Bar-Tal’s Siege Mentality Scale......Page 112
Materials/Procedure......Page 113
Results......Page 119
Description of Motive and Importance of Motive for Blameworthiness......Page 120
Agreement With and Perceived Appropriateness of the Police Statement......Page 121
Should this Act be Called a Terrorist Act and Why?......Page 123
A Right to Human Security?......Page 124
Can any of these Attitudinal Results be Explained by Siege Mentality Beliefs?......Page 125
Conclusions......Page 126
Introduction......Page 129
The Proportionality Principle in the Context of Derogation from the European Convention of Human Rights......Page 131
Justifications for the Margin of Appreciation......Page 135
Critique of the Justifications for the Margin of Appreciation......Page 137
The Question of Proportionality and the Belmarsh Detainees Decision......Page 139
The Majority Approach to the Threat of Terrorism......Page 140
The Dissentient Approach to the Threat of Terrorism......Page 142
Conclusion......Page 143
Part Three – Rules of Engagement: Beyond the Limits of the Law......Page 145
Introduction......Page 147
Counter-Terrorism Strategies and Human Rights Responses: An Overview......Page 149
Regulating Terrorism through International Law......Page 150
Regulating Terrorism Despite Law and While Engaging with Human Rights Law......Page 157
United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention......Page 160
The Applicability of International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict......Page 162
Resistance to the Extraterritorial Applicability of Human Rights Norms......Page 168
Regulating Terrorism outside International Law......Page 170
Conclusion......Page 177
I. Introduction......Page 179
II. The Black Hole of Guantánamo Bay......Page 180
A. Staring into the Abyss? Confronting Jurisdictional Limits before US Courts......Page 181
B. Exposing the Black Hole to the Light of Human Rights: the US Confronts the UN Human Rights System......Page 183
C. The Terrorists Unmasked......Page 186
III. A Black Hole or a White Hole: Does Belmarsh Prison have Only Three Walls?......Page 193
A. The Belmarsh Detainees: Caught between Liberty and Torture......Page 194
B. Great Britain: Caught between Life and Torture?......Page 195
IV. A Parallel Universe — Preventative Detention Down-Under......Page 197
A. The Legislative Scheme for Preventative Detention Orders......Page 198
B. Enter the Worm Hole: Is this Executive-controlled Detention Legal?......Page 200
C. Liberty or Security of the Person?......Page 204
V. Conclusion......Page 206
Introduction......Page 209
The Lawfulness of Amnesties for International Crimes......Page 211
Amnesties and International Policy Considerations......Page 214
Conditions of the Legitimacy of Amnesties......Page 215
Amnesties for Terrorism: Special Considerations?......Page 219
Amnesties for Terrorism: a Role for the Security Council......Page 221
Amnesties for Terrorism: the Role of Prosecutorial Discretion......Page 224
Conclusion......Page 225
Part Four – Reports from Two Theatres of War: Legislation, Sanctions and Prosecutions in Europe and Australia......Page 227
Introduction......Page 229
The Evolution of the Threat Definition: ‘Internalisation’ and Differentiation......Page 231
The Terrorist Threat as a Multidimensional Law Enforcement Challenge......Page 234
The Combination of Legislative and Operational Measures......Page 236
The Combination of Internal and External Measures......Page 239
The Combination of Repressive and Preventative Measures......Page 240
The Strengthening of European Union Institutional Capacity......Page 242
A Response Based on Cooperation Rather than Integration......Page 243
The Implementation Deficit......Page 245
The Legitimacy Deficit and Fundamental Rights Protection Issues......Page 246
Conclusion......Page 251
I. Introduction......Page 255
II. Enforcing United Nations Counter-Terrorism Sanctions in the European Community/European Union System......Page 260
III. Challenging the European Union Sanctions before the Court of First Instance/European Court of Justice......Page 264
A. The Court’s Jurisdiction, the Primacy of the United Nations Legal Order and the Role of Jus Cogens in the Protection of Human Rights......Page 268
1. Right to a Fair Hearing......Page 272
2. The Right to an Effective Judicial Remedy......Page 274
3. Critique......Page 275
C. A ‘Right’ to Diplomatic Protection under European Union Law and its Enforcement......Page 278
D. New Developments for European Community/European Union Sanctions Adopted Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001)......Page 282
IV. Concluding Remarks......Page 287
Introduction......Page 289
A. Terrorist Act Offences......Page 291
(a) Original ‘Terrorist Act’ Offences......Page 292
(b) ‘Terrorist Act’ Offences as a Result of the Anti-Terrorism Act (No 1) 2005 (Cth)......Page 293
B. Definition of Terrorist Act......Page 294
Observations on the ‘Terrorist Act’ Definition and its Implications for ‘Simple’ and ‘Difficult’ Cases......Page 295
C. Terrorist Organisation Offences......Page 297
2. Implications of Broadly Drafted ‘Terrorist Organisation’ Offences......Page 299
D. Definition of Terrorist Organisation......Page 300
II. The Cases of Zak Mallah, Jack Thomas and Faheem Lodhi......Page 303
A. Zak Mallah......Page 304
1. Facts of the Case......Page 305
2. Case Analysis......Page 306
B. Jack Thomas......Page 307
1. Facts of the Case......Page 308
2. Case Analysis......Page 309
C. Faheem Lodhi......Page 310
2. Case Analysis......Page 312
III. Conclusion......Page 314
Introduction......Page 317
I. Executive Proscription: Background to the Legislation......Page 318
A. Concept of a ‘Terrorist Act’......Page 321
B. Criteria for Listing a Terrorist Organisation......Page 322
C. What is an ‘Organisation’?......Page 323
D. Listing Procedure......Page 324
E. Terrorist Organisation Offences......Page 325
A. Listed Organisations......Page 327
B. Reviews of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security......Page 329
1. The Question of Listing Criteria......Page 330
2. The Executive and the Listing Process......Page 332
A. Enforcement......Page 335
B. Refugee and Immigration Law......Page 336
C. Putting Australia’s Criminal Laws at the Disposal of Foreign Governments......Page 337
V. Crime and Politics: the Antimonies of Executive Proscription......Page 338
VI. Conclusion......Page 342
Part Five – Calling a Halt: The Role of Bills of Rights......Page 345
Introduction......Page 347
The Lessons of History......Page 350
The Belmarsh Decision and Detention without Trial......Page 354
Circumventing Belmarsh — Control Orders and Detention Pending Deportation......Page 356
The Partial Malfunctioning of the Control Order and Deportation Strategy......Page 360
The Other Problematic Dimensions of the Counter-Terrorism Legislation: The Definition of ‘Terrorism’, Stop and Search Powers and Ninety-Day Detention......Page 364
The Siren Song of Necessity: Why the UK Government is Addicted to Devising More and More Emergency Counter-Terrorist Powers......Page 367
The Damaging Impact of Counter-Terrorism Powers......Page 369
‘Dampening’: How Legal Mechanisms Can Offer a Partial Respite from the Counter-Terrorism Cycle......Page 370
The Inevitable Limits of Parliamentary Control over Counter‑Terrorism Powers......Page 372
The Potential of Human Rights......Page 373
The Dampening Effect of Human Rights Norms......Page 376
Conclusion......Page 380
Introduction......Page 381
Federalism, Diffusion of Power and Protection of Human Rights......Page 383
The ACT Human Rights Act 2004......Page 385
The New Measures......Page 386
The Federal Anti-Terrorism Legislation......Page 387
The ACT Legislation......Page 391
Did the Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT) Make a Difference?......Page 393
Assessment......Page 395
Books / Book Chapters......Page 399
Journal Articles......Page 412
Reports / Reviews / International Documents......Page 425
Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 433
Index......Page 435