Frequency standards and metrology : proceedings of the 7th Symposium, Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 5-11 October 2008

Contents......Page 20
Preface Lute Maleki......Page 8
Symposium History Jacques Vanier......Page 12
Symposium Photos......Page 16
Part I: Fundamental Physics......Page 30
1. Introduction......Page 32
2. Big Bang nucleosynthesis......Page 33
3. Oklo natural nuclear reactor......Page 34
4.1. Comparison of quasar absorption spectra with laboratory spectra......Page 35
4.4. Atomic microwave clocks......Page 37
5. Molecular spectra......Page 38
5.2. Enhancement of variation of J.L in inversion spectrum of ammonia and limit from quasar spectra......Page 39
5.3.1. Molecules with cancelation between hyper fine structure and rotational intervals......Page 41
5.3.2. Molecules with cancelation between fine structure and vibrational intervals......Page 42
5.3.3. Molecular ion HfF+......Page 43
6. Enhanced effect of variation of a and strong interaction in UV transition of 229Th nucleus (nuclear clock)......Page 44
References......Page 45
1. Introduction......Page 49
2. Summary of Hg+ Clock Systematics......Page 50
3. Quantum-logic AI+ clock......Page 52
4. The Frequency Ratio of Al+ to Hg+......Page 54
5. Test of the temporal stability of a......Page 55
6. Stability of optical atomic clocks......Page 56
7. Conclusions......Page 59
References......Page 60
Variation of the Fine-Structure Constant and Laser Cooling of Atomic Dysprosium (Invited) N.A. Lee/er, A. Cing6z, D. Budker, SJ Ferrell, V. V. Yashchuk, A. Lapierre, A.-T Nguyen, SK. Lamoreaux and JR. Torgerson......Page 63
1. Introduction......Page 64
2. Effect of a-variation in dysprosium......Page 65
3. Experimental Technique......Page 66
4.1. Temporal Variation......Page 67
4.2. Gravitational-Potential Dependence......Page 68
5. Laser Cooling of Dysprosium......Page 69
6. Conclusion......Page 71
References......Page 72
1. Introduction......Page 73
2. Principle of the experiment......Page 75
3. Systematic effects......Page 78
4. QED potential......Page 79
5. Test of gravitation......Page 80
References......Page 81
1. Introduction......Page 82
2. Atom Interferometry with 24-Photon-Momentum-\'Iransfer Bragg Beam Splitters......Page 83
3. Noise-Immune, Recoil-Sensitive, Large-Area Atom Interferometers......Page 84
4. Very large area atom interferometers by differential optical acceleration......Page 85
5. Towards fundamental physics measurements by atom interferometry......Page 87
5.1. Detection of gravitational waves......Page 88
References......Page 89
1. Introduction......Page 91
2. The One-Way Doppler Tracking Observables......Page 93
2.1. Example application......Page 96
3. Conclusions......Page 97
References......Page 98
Part II: Frequency & Metrology......Page 100
1. Introduction......Page 102
2. Characterization of the Sr optical frequency standard......Page 103
3. Blackbody-induced shift......Page 105
4. Collision induced shift......Page 107
References......Page 109
1. Introduction......Page 111
2. New measurement of the rubidium 87 hyperfine frequency......Page 112
3. Measurement of the 180 - 3 Po optical clock transition in mercury......Page 114
References......Page 118
1. Introduction......Page 120
2. Description of the Experiment......Page 121
3. Brief Theory......Page 122
4. Frequency Shifts for Fermion Clocks......Page 124
5. Feshbach Resonances and Scattering Thresholds......Page 126
6. Conclusions......Page 127
References......Page 128
1. Introduction......Page 129
2. Experimental setup......Page 130
3. The measurement of the 40Ca+ 48 281 / 2 - 3d 2 D 5 / 2 transition......Page 132
4. Systematic shifts and error budget......Page 133
5. Conclusion......Page 135
References......Page 136
1. Introduction......Page 138
2.1. Multi-photon Excitation......Page 139
2.2. AC-Stark or Autler-Townes Splitting......Page 140
3. Stochastic-Field Effects and an Atom\'s Dynamic Response......Page 141
4.1. Rabi Resonances......Page 142
4.2. Bloch-Vector Trajectory Entropy......Page 144
5. Summary & Conclusions......Page 145
References......Page 146
1. A quick look high-sensitivity measuements......Page 147
2. Bridge measurements......Page 148
3. Correlation measurements......Page 150
5. Flicker in electronic and optical devices......Page 152
6. Noise in OEOs......Page 153
References......Page 154
1. Introduction......Page 156
3. Present status of experiment......Page 157
4. Optical excitation of the 2S state......Page 159
References......Page 160
Part III: Clock Applications in Space......Page 162
1. ACES Mission Overview......Page 164
2. Mission Objectives......Page 166
3.1. PHARAO......Page 168
3.3. FCDP......Page 170
3.4. MWL......Page 171
References......Page 173
1. Introduction......Page 175
2. Science Objectives......Page 176
3. Payload......Page 177
3.1. Cold Atom Accelerometer......Page 178
3.2. Optical Trapped Ion clock......Page 179
3.3. Deep space Optical lAser Link (DOLL)......Page 181
References......Page 184
1. Introduction......Page 185
3. Lamp Lifetime Strategies......Page 186
4. Simplifying lon Clocks for Space and Commercial Use......Page 188
5. Novel Line acquisition methods......Page 189
References......Page 194
1. Precision Spectroscopy in Astrophysics......Page 195
2. Calibrating Radial Velocity Measurements......Page 197
3. The Astro-Comb......Page 198
4. Astro-comb Wavelength Calibration......Page 201
5. Conclusion......Page 202
References......Page 203
1. Frequency Standards for VLBI......Page 204
2. A Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator for VLBI......Page 207
3. The Super Massive Black Hole at the Galactic Center......Page 208
References......Page 212
1. Introduction......Page 213
3. Experimental results......Page 214
3.1. Measured Frequency Stability and Noise Budget......Page 215
3.2. Clock Environmental Sensitivities......Page 216
References......Page 217
Part IV: Optical Clocks I: Lattice Clocks......Page 218
1. Introduction......Page 220
2.1. One-dimensional optical lattice with jermions......Page 221
2.2. Three-dimensional optical lattice......Page 222
2.3. Frequency comparison of optical lattice clocks with bosons and fermions......Page 223
3.2. Exploring new atomic elements......Page 225
3.3. A \"blue-detuned\" magic wavelength: Prospects for quantum metrology......Page 226
References......Page 227
1. Introduction......Page 229
2. Apparatus......Page 230
3.1. Key frequency shifts for the Yb lattice clock......Page 232
3.2. Uncertainty budgets for 171 Yb and 174 Yb......Page 234
3.3. Frequency measurements for 171 Yb and 174 Yb......Page 235
4. Conclusions and future prospects......Page 236
References......Page 237
1. Introduction......Page 238
2. Motional Effects and Required Lattice Depth......Page 239
3.1.1. Atomic Source......Page 240
3.1.2. Interrogation and detection......Page 241
3.2.2. Lattice Shift......Page 242
3.2.3. Other Effects and Accuracy Budget......Page 243
4. Non-Destructive Detection......Page 244
5. Conclusion......Page 245
References......Page 246
2. Experimental system......Page 247
2.1. Permanent magnet Zeeman slower......Page 248
2.2. Blackbody radiation shift measurement chamber......Page 249
2.3. Sub-Hz linewidth laser development......Page 250
References......Page 251
2. Measurements with Sr......Page 252
3. Results......Page 254
References......Page 256
2. The cryogenic fountain......Page 257
2.1. Accuracy perspective of F2......Page 258
3. The Yb optical clock......Page 259
3.1. Experimental results......Page 260
References......Page 261
Part V: Optical Clocks II: Ion Clocks......Page 262
1. Energy level system of Yb+......Page 264
2. Experimental work at PTB......Page 265
Acknowledgments......Page 268
References......Page 269
1. Introduction......Page 270
2. Experimental arrangement......Page 271
3. 674 nm probe laser system......Page 272
4. Frequency stability......Page 273
5. Absolute frequency measurements......Page 274
References......Page 277
1. Introduction......Page 279
2. Experimental arrangement......Page 281
3. I71Yb+ cold ion octupole lineshape......Page 282
4. Absolute frequency measurement......Page 283
5. Quadrupole laser development......Page 285
6. Summary and outlook......Page 286
References......Page 287
1. Introduction......Page 288
2.1. 422 nm Laser Cooling Source......Page 290
2.2. 674 nm Probe Laser System and Observed Resolution of Strontium S-D Transition......Page 291
3. Fiber Laser Frequency Comb Connection to the 455-THz Reference Transition......Page 292
5. NRC FCs 1 Cesium Fountain Primary Standard......Page 294
References......Page 296
Part VI: Optical Frequency Combs......Page 298
1. Introduction......Page 300
1.1. Frequency Comb Spectroscopy......Page 302
2. XUV Sources......Page 304
3. He+ Spectroscopy......Page 306
References......Page 308
1. Introduction......Page 309
2. Fiber Frequency Comb......Page 310
S. Conclusions......Page 312
References......Page 313
1. Introduction......Page 314
2. Method......Page 315
3. Experiment......Page 316
4. Future Developments......Page 317
References......Page 318
2. Spectral broadening......Page 320
3. /:2/ self-referencing......Page 321
4. Offset frequency stabilisation......Page 323
References......Page 324
Part VII: Atomic Microwave Standards......Page 326
1.1. Spin Exchange Frequency Bias......Page 328
1.2. Blackbody Frequency Bias......Page 329
1.3.1. Distributed Cavity Phase......Page 330
1.3.2. Microwave Leakage......Page 331
2. NIST-F2......Page 333
References......Page 335
2. Rubidium Fountain Prototype - NRFI......Page 337
3. Operational Fountains - NRF2 and NRF3......Page 340
4. New Master Clock Facility......Page 341
References......Page 342
1. Introduction......Page 343
2.1. The Physical Package......Page 344
2.3. The Electro - Microwave System......Page 345
3. Experiments and the Preliminary Evaluations......Page 346
4. Discussion and Future Work......Page 348
References......Page 349
1. Introduction......Page 350
3. Magnetic Compensation of the Number-Dependent Second-Order Doppler Shift......Page 351
4. Clock Stability and Long-Term Comparisons......Page 352
5. Stability Evaluation......Page 354
7. Conclusions......Page 356
References......Page 357
1. Introduction......Page 358
2. Laser cooling in an integrating sphere......Page 359
3. The pulsed coherent storage frequency standard......Page 361
4. Proposal of the experiment of pes......Page 364
References......Page 365
2. Setup of CSF2......Page 367
3. Stability and Preliminary Uncertainty Budget......Page 368
4. Planned Measurements of the g-Factor Ratio in Caesium......Page 370
References......Page 371
1. Introduction......Page 372
2. Theoretical background......Page 373
4. ExpelrilIlenial results......Page 374
5. Optical detection......Page 375
References......Page 376
1. Introduction......Page 377
2. Experimental setup......Page 378
3. Experimental Results......Page 379
References......Page 381
1. Introduction......Page 382
2. The continuous fountains FOCS-l and FOCS-2......Page 383
3. Frequency stability of FOCS-l......Page 384
4. Accuracy issues of FOCS-l......Page 385
References......Page 386
2. Experimental Apparatus......Page 387
3. An Experiment to Place a Limit on Fundamental Constant Variation......Page 388
4. Systematic Uncertainties in a 201Hg+/ 199Hg+ Difference Measurement......Page 389
6. Expected Sensitivity to Fundamental Constant Variation.......Page 390
References......Page 391
2. Clock optimization concept......Page 392
2.2. Medium-term stability (1 day)......Page 393
2.3. The pump laser and its frequency stabilization......Page 394
3. Clock stability results......Page 395
References......Page 396
2. Experimental Set-Up......Page 397
3. Influence of experimental parameters on the CPT resonance......Page 398
4. Frequency Shifts and Frequency Stability......Page 399
References......Page 401
Part VIII: Microwave Resonators & Oscillators......Page 402
1. Introduction......Page 404
2. Short term stability......Page 405
3. Previous art......Page 406
4. Thermal expansion of metals......Page 407
5. Second order compensation......Page 408
6. Below 10.10 IK sensitivity......Page 409
References......Page 412
1. Introduction......Page 413
2. The resonator......Page 414
3. The oscillator......Page 417
References......Page 421
2. Finite Elements Modelling of the Cavity......Page 422
3. Experimental Set-up and Vibration Sensitivity Measurements......Page 425
References......Page 426
1. Introduction......Page 427
2.2. Frequency instability measurement......Page 428
3. Bimodal maser oscillations......Page 429
References......Page 431
Part IX: Advanced Techniques......Page 432
1. Introduction......Page 434
2. Laser Noise Characterization......Page 435
3. Optical Phase Locking......Page 438
4. Doppler Ranging Demonstration......Page 442
Acknowledgments......Page 444
References......Page 445
1. Introduction......Page 446
2. Experimental setup......Page 447
4. Conclusions......Page 449
References......Page 450
1. Introduction......Page 451
3. Probe Laser System......Page 452
4. Conclusions......Page 454
References......Page 455
1. Introduction......Page 456
2. Setup of the clock laser......Page 457
3. Characterization of the clock laser system......Page 458
References......Page 460
1. Introduction......Page 461
2.2. Fiber link and compensation interferometer set-up......Page 462
3.2. Realization of stabilized 147 kmfiber link over deployedfiber......Page 463
4. Implication for remote frequency measurement, future extensions of fiber link and short distance frequency comparisons......Page 464
References......Page 465
1. Long-Distance Coherent Optical Frequency Transfer over Fiber......Page 466
2. Experiment and Results......Page 467
3. Link Length Limitations......Page 469
References......Page 470
Part X: Miniature Systems......Page 472
1. Introduction......Page 474
2. Alkali Vapor Cells......Page 475
4.1. Chip-scale atomic magnetometers with flux concentrators......Page 477
4.2. \"Photonic\" Magnetometer......Page 479
5. Conclusion and outlook......Page 480
References......Page 481
1. Introduction......Page 483
2.1 Mkrowave Double-Resonance vs. Coherent Population Trapping......Page 484
2.2 Choice of Atomic Species......Page 485
3 CSAC Engineering......Page 486
3.1 Physics Package......Page 487
4 CSAC Performance......Page 489
References......Page 491
2. Experimental setup......Page 492
3. The cooling sequence......Page 493
4. The detection sequence......Page 494
5. Frequency stability measurements......Page 495
References......Page 496
1. Introduction......Page 497
2. Clock signal in lin II lin configuration......Page 499
3. Detection noise and expected short-term stability......Page 500
References......Page 501
Part XI: Time Scales......Page 502
1. Introduction......Page 504
2.1. TT(BIPM), BIPM\'s best realization of Terrestrial Time......Page 505
2.2. Time scale and primary frequency standards......Page 506
2.3. Time and frequency transfer......Page 507
3.1. Ensemble time scale......Page 508
3.2. Time andfrequency transfer......Page 509
References......Page 510
1. Introduction of weight functions......Page 512
1.1. Properties of Weight Functions......Page 513
2. Biases in Rabi excitation......Page 514
3. Biases in Ramsey excitation......Page 515
References......Page 516
Part XII: Interferometers......Page 518
1. Introduction......Page 520
2. Definition of noise budget......Page 522
3. Mathematical formalism......Page 524
4. Vibrational noise......Page 526
5. Rotational noise......Page 527
6. Conclusions......Page 528
References......Page 530
1. Introduction......Page 531
2. Experimental setup......Page 532
3.1. Rotation: quantum projection noise limit......Page 534
3.3. Long term sensitivity: laser wave front distortions......Page 535
4.1. Variation with the rotation rate......Page 537
5. Conculsion......Page 538
References......Page 539
1. Introduction......Page 540
2. Laser System......Page 541
3. Mechanical Setup......Page 543
4. Loading MOT and High Power Laser......Page 544
References......Page 545
1. Introduction......Page 546
2. Principle......Page 547
3.1. Setup......Page 548
3.2. Results......Page 549
References......Page 550
Part XIII: New Directions......Page 552
1. Introduction......Page 554
2.1. Active optical clocks with thermal atomic beam......Page 555
2.2. Active optical Clocks with Slowed Atomic Beam......Page 556
2.4. Active Optical Clocks with Trapped Atoms......Page 557
2.5. Potential Application of Active Optical Clock in Sub-natural line width Spectroscopy......Page 558
3. Summary......Page 559
References......Page 560
1. The low-lying isomer of 229Th......Page 561
2. Nuclear optical clock with trapped ions......Page 563
3. A solid-state nuclear frequency standard......Page 565
References......Page 566
1. Introduction......Page 568
2. Modulational instability in a WGM resonator......Page 570
3. Forced nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE)......Page 576
3.2. An approximate solution of the forced NLSE......Page 577
4. Discussion......Page 582
References......Page 585
2. Quantum clock synchronization......Page 588
3. Non-local frequency comparison......Page 589
4. Conclusion......Page 590
References......Page 591
List of Participants......Page 594