Free Space Laser Communication With Ambient Light Compensation

Contents......Page 6
1.1 Introduction to Channel Coding......Page 12
1.2.1 ARQ Technique......Page 13
Block Coding......Page 14
Convolutional Coding......Page 15
Concatenated Coding......Page 17
Orthogonal Coding......Page 18
1.3.1 Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth......Page 20
1.3.2 Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem......Page 21
1.3.3 Baseband Modulation......Page 22
1.3.4 Waveform Coding......Page 24
1.4 Conclusions......Page 25
References......Page 26
2.1 Introduction to ARQ......Page 27
2.2 The Basic Concept......Page 28
2.3.1 Parity......Page 29
2.3.2 Parity is an Arithmetic Operation......Page 30
Two Inputs EXOR......Page 31
2.3.5 Exclusive OR Chain Showing the Generation of Odd Parity by Inspection......Page 32
2.4 Construction of ARQ for Serial Data Processing......Page 36
2.5 Construction of ARQ for Parallel Data Processing......Page 39
2.6.1 Merits (ARQ Can Detect Odd Errors Only)......Page 42
2.7 Conclusions......Page 44
References......Page 45
3.1 Introduction to Block Coding......Page 46
3.2 Block Code Building Blocks......Page 47
3.3.1 Construction of Data Block......Page 48
3.3.2 Encoder: Construction of Block Codes......Page 49
3.3.4 Example of Error Detection and Correction......Page 50
3.4.1 Code Rate......Page 51
3.4.2 Bandwidth......Page 52
3.5.1 Encoder......Page 55
3.5.2 Decoder......Page 56
3.6.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation......Page 58
3.6.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation......Page 60
3.6.5 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation......Page 62
3.6.6 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Demodulation......Page 63
3.7 Estimation of Transmission Bandwidth......Page 64
3.7.1 Spectral Response of the Encoded Data......Page 65
Important Note......Page 66
3.7.2 Spectral Response of the Carrier Frequency Before Modulation......Page 67
3.7.4 FSK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 68
3.7.5 BPSK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 70
References......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 77
4.2.1 Shift Register (SR)......Page 79
4.2.3 Symbolic Representation of Exclusive OR Gates......Page 81
4.2.5 Multiplexers......Page 82
4.2.6 Polynomial Representation of Data......Page 84
4.3 Construction and Operation of Convolutional Encoder......Page 85
4.3.1 Polynomial Method of Analysis......Page 86
4.3.2 Verification by Inspection......Page 87
4.3.3 Constraint Length, Code Rate, and Bandwidth......Page 89
4.4 Summary of Convolutional Encoder......Page 92
4.5.2 Code Correlation Process......Page 97
The Final Verdict......Page 103
References......Page 104
5.1 Introduction......Page 106
5.2 Conceptual Development......Page 109
5.3.1 Construction of Orthogonal and Antipodal Codes......Page 110
5.4.1 Error Control Capabilities of Orthogonal Codes......Page 113
5.4.2 Error Performance and Coding Gain......Page 116
Decoder......Page 119
Decoder......Page 122
Encoder......Page 123
Decoder......Page 124
5.6 Higher-Order Orthogonal Waveform Coding Using 16-Bit Orthogonal Code......Page 125
5.6.1 Rate 5/16 Orthogonal Waveform Coding Based on n =16 Orthogonal Code......Page 127
5.6.2 Rate  Orthogonal Waveform Coding Based on n =16 Orthogonal Code......Page 128
5.6.3 Rate  Orthogonal Waveform Coding Using n=16 Orthogonal Code......Page 130
5.6.4 Rate 1 Orthogonal Waveform Coding Based on n=16 Orthogonal Code......Page 131
5.7 Waveform Capacity......Page 133
5.8 Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 137
6.1 Background......Page 138
6.2.1 AM, FM, and PM......Page 140
6.2.2 AM and FM Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 141
6.3 Modulation by Digital Signal......Page 142
6.3.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation......Page 143
6.4 Bandwidth Occupancy in Digital Modulation......Page 144
6.4.1 Spectral Response of the Encoded Data......Page 145
6.4.3 ASK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 147
6.4.4 FSK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 148
6.4.5 BPSK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 149
References......Page 152
7.1 Introduction......Page 153
7.2 Amplitude Modulation......Page 154
7.3.2 Spectral Response of the Carrier Frequency......Page 156
7.3.3 AM Spectrum and Bandwidth......Page 157
7.3.4 AM Response due to Low and High Modulating Signals......Page 159
7.3.6 Drawbacks in AM......Page 160
7.4.1 DSBSC Modulation......Page 161
7.4.2 Generation of DSBSC Signal......Page 162
7.4.3 DSBSC Spectrum and Bandwidth......Page 163
7.4.4 DSBSC Drawback......Page 164
7.5.1 Why SSB Modulation?......Page 165
7.5.2 Generation of SSB Modulated Signal......Page 166
7.5.3 SSB Spectrum and Bandwidth......Page 167
7.6 Conclusions......Page 168
References......Page 169
8.1 Introduction......Page 170
8.2.1 Background......Page 171
8.2.2 The Basic FM......Page 172
8.3.1 Spectral Response of the Input Modulating Signal......Page 174
8.3.2 Spectral Response of the Carrier Frequency......Page 175
8.3.4 Carson´s Rule and FM Bandwidth......Page 176
8.3.5 Bessel Function and FM Bandwidth......Page 177
8.3.6 FM Bandwidth Dilemma......Page 179
References......Page 181
9.1 Introduction......Page 182
9.2 ASK Modulation......Page 183
9.3 ASK Demodulation......Page 185
9.4.1 Spectral Response of the Encoded Data......Page 186
9.4.2 Spectral Response of the Carrier Frequency Before Modulation......Page 188
9.4.3 ASK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 189
9.5 BER Performance......Page 191
9.6 Conclusions......Page 192
References......Page 193
10.1 Introduction......Page 194
10.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation......Page 195
10.4 FSK Bandwidth......Page 197
10.4.1 Spectral Response of the Encoded Data......Page 198
10.4.2 Spectral Response of the Carrier Frequency Before Modulation......Page 200
10.4.3 FSK Bandwidth at a Glance......Page 201
10.5 BER Performance......Page 203
10.6 Conclusions......Page 204
References......Page 205
11.1 Introduction......Page 206
11.2.1 BPSK Modulation......Page 207
11.2.2 BPSK Demodulation......Page 210
11.4 8PSK Modulation......Page 211
11.5 16PSK Modulation......Page 212
11.6 PSK Spectrum and Bandwidth......Page 213
11.6.1 Spectral Response of the Encoded Data......Page 214
11.6.2 Spectral Response of the Carrier Before Modulation......Page 215
11.6.3 BPSK Spectrum......Page 216
References......Page 219
Index......Page 221