Foundations of speech and hearing : anatomy and physiology

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1
Introduction
	Reference
2 Breathing and Speech Production
	Introduction
	Fundamentals of Breathing
		Anatomical Bases of Breathing
			Skeletal Superstructure
			Breathing Apparatus and Its Subdivisions
		Forces and Movements of Breathing
			Forces of Breathing
			Realization of Passive and Active Forces
			Movements of Breathing
		Adjustments of theBreathing Apparatus
			Pulmonary Apparatus
			Chest Wall
			Pulmonary Apparatus-Chest Wall Unit
		Output Variables of Breathing
			Volume
			Pressure
			Shape
		Neural Control of Breathing
			Neural Substrates
			Control of Tidal Breathing
			Control of Special Acts of Breathing
		Ventilation and Gas ExchangeDuring Tidal Breathing
	Breathing and Speech 
Production
		Breathing in Extended 
Steady Utterances
		Breathing in Running 
Speech Activities
		Body Position and 
Speech Breathing
			Extended Steady Utterances in 
the Supine Body Position
			Running Speech Activities in 
the Supine Body Position
			Speech Breathing in Other Body Positions
		Ventilation, Gas Exchange, 
and Speech Breathing
		Drive to Breathe and 
Speech Breathing
		Cognitive-Linguistic Factors 
and Speech Breathing
		Conversational Interchange 
and Speech Breathing
		Body Type and Speech Breathing
		Development and Speech Breathing
		Age and Speech Breathing
		Sex and Speech Breathing
	Review
	References
3 Laryngeal Function and
Speech Production
	Introduction
	Fundamentals of 
Laryngeal Function
		Anatomy of the Laryngeal Apparatus
			Skeleton
			Laryngeal Joints
			Internal Topography
		Forces and Movements of the Laryngeal Apparatus
			Forces of the Laryngeal Apparatus
			Movements of the Interior of the Larynx
		Control Variables of 
Laryngeal Function
			Laryngeal Opposing Pressure
			Laryngeal Airway Resistance
			Glottal Size and Configuration
			Stiffness of the Vocal Folds
			Effective Mass of the Vocal Folds
		Neural Substrates of 
Laryngeal Control
		Laryngeal Functions
			Degree of Coupling Between the Trachea and Pharynx
			Protection of the Pulmonary Airways
			Containment of the Pulmonary Air Supply
			Sound Generation
	Laryngeal Function in Speech Production
		Transient Utterances
		Sustained Utterances
			Turbulence Noise Production
			Voice Production
		Running Speech Activities
			Fundamental Frequency
			Sound Pressure Level
			Spectrum
		Development and Laryngeal Function in Speech Production
		Age and Laryngeal Function
in Speech Production
		Sex and Laryngeal Function
in Speech Production
	Review
	References
4 Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Speech Production
	Introduction
	Fundamentals of Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function
		Anatomy of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
			Skeletal Superstructure
			Pharynx
			Velum
			Nasal Cavities
			Outer Nose
		Forces and Movements of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
			Forces of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
			Movements of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
		Adjustments of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Apparatus
			Coupling Between the Oral and Nasal Cavities
			Coupling Between the Nasal Cavities and Atmosphere
		Control Variables of 
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function
			Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance
			Velopharyngeal Sphincter Compression
			Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance
		Neural Substrates of Velopharyngeal-Nasal Control
		Ventilation and Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function
	Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Speech Production
		Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Sustained Utterances
		Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Running Speech Activities
		Gravity and Velopharyngeal-Nasal
Function in Speech Production
		Development of Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function 
in Speech Production
		Age and Velopharyngeal-Nasal 
Function in Speech Production
		Sex and Velopharyngeal-Nasal 
Function in Speech Production
	Review
	References
5 Pharyngeal-Oral Function and Speech Production
	Introduction
	Fundamentals of Pharyngeal-Oral Function
		Anatomy of the Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
			Skeleton
			Temporomandibular Joints
			Temporomandibular Joint Movements
			Internal Topography
		Forces and Movements of the Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
			Forces of the Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
			Movements of the Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
		Adjustments of the Pharyngeal-Oral Apparatus
			Adjustments of the Pharynx
			Adjustments of the Mandible
			Adjustments of the Tongue
			Adjustments of the Lips
		Control Variables of Pharyngeal-Oral Function
			Pharyngeal-Oral Lumen Size and Configuration
			Pharyngeal-Oral Structural Contact Pressure
			Pharyngeal-Oral Airway Resistance
			Pharyngeal-Oral Acoustic Impedance
		Neural Substrates of Pharyngeal-Oral Control
		Pharyngeal-Oral Functions
			Degree of Coupling Between the Oral Cavity and Atmosphere
			Chewing
			Swallowing
			Sound Generation and Filtering
	Pharyngeal-Oral Function
in Speech Production
		The Speech Production Code
			Vowel Coding Scheme
			Diphthong Coding Scheme
			Consonant-Coding Scheme
		The Speech Production Stream
			Coarticulation
			Traditional Theory of Coarticulation (Feature Spreading)
			Articulatory Phonology or Gesture Theory
		Development and Pharyngeal-Oral 
Function in Speech Production
		Age and Pharyngeal-Oral
Function in Speech Production
		Sex and Pharyngeal-Oral
Function in Speech Production
	Review
	References
6 Anatomy and Physiology
of the Auditory System
	Introduction
	Temporal Bone
	Peripheral Anatomy of the Ear
	Outer Ear (Conductive Mechanism)
		Pinna (Auricle)
		External Auditory Meatus (External Auditory Canal)
		Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
	Middle Ear 
(Conductive Mechanism)
		Chambers of the Middle Ear
		Ossicles and Associated Structures
		Ligaments and Muscles
of the Middle Ear
		Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
		Medial and Lateral Wall View of Middle Ear: A Summary
		Transmission of Sound Energy by the Conductive Mechanism
	Inner Ear (Sensorineural Mechanism)
		Semicircular Canals
		Vestibule
		Cochlea
			Scalae
			Basilar Membrane and Organ of Corti
			Hair Cells
			Traveling Waves
	Auditory Nerve and Auditory Pathways (Neural Mechanism)
		Auditory Nerve
		Auditory Pathways
	Review
	References
7 Brain Structures and Mechanisms for Speech,
Language, and Hearing
	Introduction
	The Nervous System: An Overview
and Concepts
		Central Versus Peripheral 
Nervous System
		Anatomical Planes and Directions
		White Versus Gray Matter, Tracts Versus Nuclei, 
Nerves Versus Ganglia
			Gray Matter and Nuclei
			White Matter and Fiber Tracts
			Ganglia
		Efferent and Afferent
		Lateralization and 
Specialization of Function
	Cerebral Hemispheres
and White Matter
		Cerebral Hemispheres
			Frontal Lobe
			Parietal Lobe
			Temporal Lobe
			Occipital Lobe
			Insula
			Limbic System (Limbic Lobe)
		Cerebral White Matter
			Association Tracts
			Striatal Tracts
			Commissural Tracts
			Descending Projection Tracts
			Ascending Projection Tracts
	Subcortical Nuclei 
and Cerebellum
		Basal Ganglia
		Thalamus
		Cerebellum
	Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
		Surface Features of the Brainstem: Ventral View
			Ventral Surface of Midbrain
			Ventral Surface of Pons
			Ventral Surface of Medulla
		Surface Features of the Brainstem: Dorsal View
			Dorsal Surface of Midbrain
			Dorsal Surface of Pons
			Dorsal Surface of Medulla
		Cranial Nerves and Associated Brainstem Nuclei
			Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)
			Cranial Nerve II (Optic)
			Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
			Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)
			Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
			Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)
			Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
			Cranial Nerve VIII 
(Auditory-Vestibular Nerve)
			Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
			Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)
			Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
			Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
	Cortical Innervation 
Patterns
	Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
		Spinal Cord
		Spinal Nerves
	Nervous System Cells
		Glial Cells
		Neurons
			Cell Body (Soma)
			Axon and Terminal Button
			Synapse
		Resting Potential, Action Potential,  and Neurotransmitters
			Resting Potential
			Action Potential
			Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
		Neuromuscular Junction
	Meninges, Ventricles, 
Blood Supply
		Meninges
			Dura Mater
			Arachnoid Mater
			Pia Mater
			Meninges and Clinically Relevant Spaces
		Ventricles
			Lateral Ventricles
			Third Ventricle
			Cerebral Aqueduct, Fourth Ventricle, 
and Other Passageways for CSF
			Production, Composition,
and Circulation of CSF
		Blood Supply of Brain
			Anterior Circulation
			Posterior Circulation
			Circle of Willis
			MCA and Blood Supply to the Dominant Hemisphere
			Blood-Brain Barrier
	Review
	References
8 Swallowing
	Introduction
	Anatomy
		Breathing, Laryngeal, Velopharyngeal-Nasal, and 
Pharyngeal-Oral Structures
		Esophagus
		Stomach
	Forces and Movements
of Swallowing
		Oral Preparatory Phase
		Oral Transport Phase
		Pharyngeal Transport Phase
		Esophageal Transport Phase
		Overlap of Phases
	Breathing and Swallowing
	Neural Control of Swallowing
		Role of the Peripheral Nervous
System in Swallowing
		Role of the Central Nervous 
System in Swallowing
	Variables That 
Influence Swallowing
		Bolus Characteristics 
and Swallowing
			Consistency
			Volume
			Taste and Temperature
		Swallowing Mode
			Single Versus Sequential Swallows
			Cued Versus Uncued Swallows
		Body Position and Swallowing
		Development and Swallowing
		Age and Swallowing
		Sex and Swallowing
	Review
	References
Author Index
Subject Index