Foundations of speech and hearing : anatomy and physiology

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Illustrator
Chapter 1. Introduction to Basic Concepts
	Introduction
	Subsystems
		Speech Subsystems
		Hearing Subsystems
	Directions and Planes
		Directions
			Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal)
			Superior/Inferior (Rostral/Caudal)
			Medial/Lateral
			Proximal/Distal
			External/Internal (Superficial/Deep)
			Ipsilateral/Contralateral
	Planes
		Sagittal Plane
		Coronal Plane
		Horizontal Plane
	Tissue Types
		Epithelial Tissue
		Connective Tissue
		Muscle Tissue
	Movements and Forces
	Stages of Spoken Communication
	Review
	Reference
Chapter 2. Respiratory Structure and Function
	Introduction
	Respiratory Anatomy
		Skeletal Framework
	Respiratory System Subdivisions
		Pulmonary Apparatus
			Pulmonary Airways
			Lungs
	Chest Wall
		Rib Cage Wall
		Diaphragm
		Abdominal Wall
		Abdominal Content
	Pulmonary Apparatus–Chest Wall Unit
	Forces of the Respiratory System
		Passive Force
		Active Force
			Muscles of the Rib Cage Wall
			Muscle of the Diaphragm
			Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
	Summary of Passive and Active Forces
	Realization of Passive and Active Forces
	Movements of the Respiratory System
		Movements of Rib Cage Wall
		Movements of the Diaphragm
		Movements of the Abdominal Wall
		Relative Movements of the Rib Cage Wall and Diaphragm-Abdominal Wall
		Forces Underlying Movements
	Respiratory Control Variables
		Lung Volume
		Alveolar Pressure
		Chest Wall Shape
	Neural Substrates of Respiratory Control
		Control of Tidal Breathing
		Control of Special Acts of Breathing
		Peripheral Nerves of Breathing
	Ventilation and Gas Exchange During Tidal Breathing
	Respiratory Function and Speech Production
		Extended Steady Utterances
		Running Speech Activities
	Variables That Influence Respiratory Structure and Function
		Body Position
		Body Type
		Age
		Sex
		Ventilation and Drive to Breathe
		Cognitive-Linguistic and Social Variables
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Chapter 3. Laryngeal Structure and Function
	Introduction
	Laryngeal Anatomy
	Skeletal Framework
		Thyroid Cartilage
		Cricoid Cartilage
		Arytenoid and Corniculate Cartilages
		Epiglottis
		Hyoid Bone
	Laryngeal Joints
		Cricothyroid Joints
		Cricoarytenoid Joints
	Internal Topography
		Laryngeal Cavity
		Vocal Folds
		Ventricular Folds
		Laryngeal Ventricles
		Ligaments and Membranes
			Intrinsic Ligaments and Membranes
			Extrinsic Ligaments and Membranes
			Mucous Membrane
	Forces of the Larynx
		Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
		Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
		Supplementary Muscles
			Infrahyoid Muscles
			Suprahyoid Muscles
		Summary of the Laryngeal Muscles
	Movements of the Larynx
		Movements of the Vocal Folds
			Vocal Fold Abduction
			Vocal Fold Adduction
			Vocal Fold Length Change
		Movements of the Ventricular Folds
		Movements of the Epiglottis
		Movements of the Laryngeal Housing
	Laryngeal Control Variables
		Laryngeal Opposing Pressure
		Laryngeal Airway Resistance
		Glottal Size and Configuration
		Stiffness of the Vocal Folds
		Effective Mass of the Vocal Folds
	Neural Substrates of Laryngeal Control
	Laryngeal Function and Speech Production
		Transient Utterances
		Sustained Turbulence Noise Production
		Sustained Voice Production
			Vocal Fold Vibration
			Fundamental Frequency
			Sound Pressure Level
			Fundamental Frequency– Sound Pressure Level Profiles
			Spectrum
			Voice Registers
	Running Speech Activities
		Fundamental Frequency
		Sound Pressure Level
		Spectrum
		Articulation
	Variables That Influence Laryngeal Structure and Function
		Age
		Sex
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Chapter 4. Velopharyngeal-Nasal Structure and Function
	Introduction
	Velopharyngeal-Nasal Anatomy
		Skeletal Framework
		Pharynx
		Velum
		Nasal Cavities
		Outer Nose
	Forces of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Mechanism
		Muscles of the Pharynx
		Muscles of the Velum
		Muscles of the Outer Nose
	Movements of the Velopharyngeal-Nasal Mechanism
		Movements of the Pharynx
		Movements of the Velum
		Movements of the Outer Nose
		Movements That Change the Size of the Velopharyngeal Port
	Velopharyngeal-Nasal Control Variables
		Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance
		Velopharyngeal-Nasal Sphincter Compression
		Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance
	Neural Substrates of Velopharyngeal-Nasal Control
	Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Ventilation
	Velopharyngeal Function and Speech Production
		Sustained Utterances
		Velopharyngeal-Nasal Function and Running Speech Activities
	Variables That Influence Velopharyngeal-Nasal Structure and Function
		Body Position
		Age
		Sex
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Chapter 5. Pharyngeal-Oral Structure and Function
	Introduction
	Pharyngeal-Oral Anatomy
	Skeletal Framework
		Maxilla
		Mandible
		Temporomandibular Joints
	Internal Topography
		Pharyngeal Cavity
		Oral Cavity
		Buccal Cavity
		Mucous Lining
	Forces of the Pharyngeal-Oral Mechanism
		Muscles of the Pharynx
		Muscles of the Mandible
		Muscles of the Tongue
		Muscles of the Lips
	Movements of the Pharyngeal-Oral Mechanism
		Movements of the Pharynx
		Movements of the Mandible
		Movements of the Tongue
		Movements of the Lips
	Pharyngeal-Oral Mechanism Control Variables
		Pharyngeal-Oral Lumen Size and Configuration
		Pharyngeal-Oral Structural Contact Pressure
		Pharyngeal-Oral Airway Resistance
		Pharyngeal-Oral Acoustic Impedance
	Neural Substrates of Pharyngeal-Oral Control
	Speech Production: Sound Generation and Filtering
	Speech Production: Articulatory Descriptions
		Vowels
			Place of Major Constriction
			Degree of Major Constriction
			Lip Rounding
			Real-Life Vowels
	Diphthongs
	Consonants
		Manner of Production
		Place of Production
		Voicing
		Real-Life Consonants
	Speech Production: Articulatory Processes
		Coarticulation
		Articulatory Phonology or Gesture Theory
	Variables That Influence Pharyngeal-Oral Structure and Function
		Age
		Sex
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Chapter 6. Auditory System Structure and Function
	Introduction
	Temporal Bone
	Peripheral Anatomy of the Ear
	Outer Ear (Conductive Mechanism)
		Pinna (Auricle)
		External Auditory Meatus (External Auditory Canal)
		Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
	Middle Ear (Conductive Mechanism)
		Chambers of the Middle Ear
		Ossicles and Associated Structures
		Ligaments and Muscles of the Middle Ear
		Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
		Medial and Lateral Wall View of Middle Ear: A Summary
		Transmission of Sound Energy by the Conductive Mechanism
	Inner Ear (Sensorineural Mechanism)
		Semicircular Canals
		Vestibule
			Cochlea
				Scalae
				Basilar Membrane and Organ of Corti
				Hair Cells
				Traveling Waves
	Auditory Nerve and Auditory Pathways (Neural Mechanism)
		Auditory Nerve
		Central Auditory Pathways
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Chapter 7. Swallowing Structure and Function
	Introduction
	Anatomy
		Respiratory, Laryngeal, Velopharyngeal-Nasal, and Pharyngeal-Oral Structures
		Esophagus
		Stomach
		Salivary Glands
	Forces and Movements of Swallowing
		Oral Preparatory Phase
		Oral Transport Phase
		Pharyngeal Phase
		Esophageal Phase
		Overlap of Phases
	Breathing and Swallowing
	Neural Control of Swallowing
		Role of the Peripheral Nervous System
		Role of the Central Nervous System
	Variables That Influence Swallowing
		Bolus Characteristics
			Consistency and Texture
			Volume
			Taste
	Swallowing Mode
		Single Versus Sequential Swallows
		Cued Versus Uncued Swallows
	Body Position
		Age
		Sex
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Chapter 8. Brain Structures and Mechanisms for Speech/Language, Hearing, and Swallowing
	Introduction
	The Nervous System: An Overview and Concepts
		Central Versus Peripheral Nervous System
		Anatomical Planes and Directions
		White Versus Gray Matter, Tracts Versus Nuclei, Nerves Versus Ganglia
			Gray Matter and Nuclei
			White Matter and Fiber Tracts
			Ganglia
		Efferent and Afferent
		Lateralization and Specialization of Function
	Cerebral Hemispheres
		Frontal Lobe
			Primary Motor Cortex
			Broca’s Area
			Premotor and Supplementary Motor Area
			Prefrontal Cortex
		Parietal Lobe
		Temporal Lobe
		Occipital Lobe
		Insula
		Limbic System (Limbic Lobe)
	Cerebral White Matter
		Association Tracts
			Arcuate Fasciculus and Speech and Language Functions
			Striatal Tracts
			Commissural Tracts
			Descending Projection Tracts
			Ascending Projection Tracts
	Subcortical Nuclei and Cerebellum
		Basal Ganglia
		Thalamus
		Cerebellum
	Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
		Surface Features of the Brainstem: Ventral View
			Ventral Surface of Midbrain
			Ventral Surface of Pons
			Ventral Surface of Medulla
		Surface Features of the Brainstem: Dorsal View
			Dorsal Surface of Midbrain
			Dorsal Surface of Pons
			Dorsal Surface of Medulla
		Cranial Nerves and Associated Brainstem Nuclei
			Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
			Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
			Cranial Nerve VIII (Auditory-Vestibular)
			Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
			Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)
			Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
			Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
	Cortical Innervation Patterns
	Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
		Spinal Cord
		Spinal Nerves
	Nervous System Cells
		Glial Cells
		Neurons
			Cell Body (Soma)
			Dendrites
			Axon and Terminal Segment
			Synapse
				Presynaptic Membrane
				Postsynaptic Membrane
				Synaptic Cleft
	Resting Potential, Action Potential, and Neurotransmitters
		Resting Potential
		Action Potential
		Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
	Neuromuscular Junction
	Meninges, Ventricles, and Blood Supply
		Meninges
			Dura Mater
			Arachnoid Mater
			Pia Mater
			Meninges and Clinically Relevant Spaces
		Ventricles
			Lateral Ventricles
			Third Ventricle
			Cerebral Aqueduct, Fourth Ventricle, and Other Passageways for CSF
			Production, Composition, and Circulation of CSF
		Blood Supply of Brain
			Anterior Circulation
			Posterior Circulation
			Circle of Willis
			MCA and Blood Supply to the Dominant Hemisphere
			Blood-Brain Barrier
	Clinical Notes
	Review
	References
Index