Foundations of Experimental Physics

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Preface
About the Authors
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
1. Introduction
2. Improving Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Noise in Electronic Devices
	2.3 Hardware Devices for Noise Reduction
	2.4 Software Methods to Improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	2.5 Summary
3. Vacuum Science and Technology
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Significance of Vacuum in Experimental Physics
	3.3 Basic Laws and Terms in Vacuum Physics
	3.4 Vacuum Pumps
	3.5 Measurement of Vacuum: Vacuum Gauges
	3.6 Vacuum Materials and Accessories
	3.7 Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) System
	3.8 Summary
4. Photons and Electrons: Sources, Monochromators and Detectors
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Photon Sources
	4.3 Monochromators or Wavelength Selectors
	4.4 Spectral Line Shape
	4.5 Intensity of Spectral Lines
	4.6 Optical Fibres
	4.7 Photon Detectors
	4.8 Electrons as an Incident Beam for Characterisation
	4.9 Electron Sources or Electron Gun
	4.10 Motion of Electrons in the Electrostatic Field
	4.11 Electron Energy Analysers
	4.12 Electron Detectors
	4.13 Summary
5. Nuclear Accelerators and Detectors
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Cockroft-Walton Accelerator/Generator
	5.3 Van de Graaf Generator
	5.4 Sloan and Lawrence Type Linear Accelerator
	5.5 Cyclotron
	5.6 Synchrotron
	5.7 Particle Detectors
	5.8 Neutron Detection
	5.9 Summary
6. Diffraction Methods
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 X-Ray Diffraction
	6.3 X-Ray Diffractometers
	6.4 Electron Diffraction
	6.5 Neutron Diffraction
	6.6 Summary
7. Microscopy
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Optical Microscopes
	7.3 Field Microscopes
	7.4 Electron Microscopes
	7.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes
	7.6 Summary
8. Electron and Optical Spectroscopy
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Electron Spectroscopy Techniques for Solids
	8.3 Optical Spectroscopy Techniques
	8.4 Summary
9. Magnetic Spectroscopy, Nuclear Spectroscopy and Magnetisation Measurements
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
	9.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
	9.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Technique
	9.5 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer Technique
	9.6 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
	9.7 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry
	9.8 Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
	9.9 Summary
10. Cryogenic Temperature Methods
	10.1 Quest for Low Temperature
	10.2 Thermoelectric Cooling
	10.3 Cooling by Latent Heat of Evaporation
	10.4 Liquid He and Superfluidity
	10.5 Dilution Refrigerator
	10.6 Pomeranchuk Cooling
	10.7 Adiabatic Demagnetisation
	10.8 Laser Cooling
	10.9 Low Temperature Measurements
	10.10 Summary
11. Error Analysis and Statistical Methods
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Quantitative Estimation of the Errors
	11.3 Statistical Handling of Data
	11.4 Distribution of Data and Its Properties
	11.5 Principle of Maximum Likelihood
	11.6 Fitting of Data
	11.7 Covariance
	11.8 Coefficient of Linear Correlation
	11.9 χ2 Test for the Distribution
	11.10 Summary
Further Reading
Index