Foundations of behavioral neuroscience

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1 Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
	The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience
		The Goals of Research
		Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
			Ancient World
			Seventeenth Century
			Nineteenth Century
			Contemporary Research
	Natural Selection and Evolution
		Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
		Evolution of the Human Brain
	Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals
		Research with Animals
		Research with Humans
	Careers in Behavioral Neuroscience and Strategies for Learning
		Careers in Neuroscience
		Strategies for Learning
2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
	Cells of the Nervous System
		The Nervous System: an Overview
		Neurons
			Soma
			Dendrites
			Axon
			Myelin Sheath
			Terminal Buttons
			Other Cell Structures
		Supporting Cells
			Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System
			Supporting Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System
		The Blood–brain Barrier
	Communication Within a Neuron
		Neural Communication: an Overview
		Electrical Potentials of Axons
		The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
			The Force of Diffusion
			The Force of Electrostatic Pressure
			Ions in the Extracellular and Intracellular Fluid
			The Sodium–potassium Pump
		The Action Potential
		Conduction of the Action Potential
	Communication Between Neurons
		Structure of Synapses
		Release of Neurotransmitters
		Activation of Receptors
		Postsynaptic Potentials
		Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
			Reuptake
			Enzymatic Deactivation
		Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
		Autoreceptors
		Axoaxonic Synapses
		Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
3 Structure of the Nervous System
	Basic Features of the Nervous System
		Anatomical Directions
		Meninges
		The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
	Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
		The Forebrain
			Telencephalon
			Diencephalon
		The Midbrain
			Tectum
			Tegmentum
		The Hindbrain
			Metencephalon
			Myelencephalon
		The Spinal Cord
	Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (pns)
		Cranial Nerves
		Spinal Nerves
		The Autonomic Nervous System
			Sympathetic Division of the Ans
			Parasympathetic Division of the Ans
4 Psychopharmacology
	Principles of Psychopharmacology
		An Overview of Psychopharmacology
		Pharmacokinetics
			Absorption: Routes of Administration
			Distribution: Entry of Drugs into the Brain
			Metabolism and Excretion
		Drug Effectiveness
		Effects of Repeated Administration
		Placebo Effects
	Sites of Drug Action
		Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
		Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
		Effects on Receptors
		Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters
	Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
		Amino Acids
			Glutamate
			Gaba
		Acetylcholine (ACh)
			Pathways
			Production, Storage, and Release
			Receptors
			Reuptake and Deactivation
		The Monoamines
			Dopamine
			Norepinephrine
			Serotonin
			Histamine
		Peptides
			Production, Storage, and Release
			Receptors
		Lipids
			Neurotransmitter Production, Storage, and Release
			Receptors
			Reuptake and Deactivation
5 Methods and Strategies of Research
	Experimental Ablation
		Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
		Producing Brain Lesions
		Stereotaxic Surgery
			The Stereotaxic Atlas
			The Stereotaxic Apparatus
		Histological Methods
			Fixation and Sectioning
			Staining
			Electron Microscopy
			Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
		Tracing Neural Connections
			Tracing Efferent Axons
			Tracing Afferent Axons
			Transneuronal Tracing Methods
		Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
	Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
		Recording Neural Activity
			Recordings with Microelectrodes
			Recordings with Macroelectrodes
			Magnetoencephalography
		Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
		Stimulating Neural Activity
			Electrical and Chemical Stimulation
			Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
			Optogenetic Methods
	Neurochemical Methods
		Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
		Localizing Particular Receptors
		Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
	Genetic Methods
		Twin Studies
		Adoption Studies
		Genomic Studies
		Targeted Mutations
		Antisense Oligonucleotides
		CRISPR-Cas Methods
6 Vision
	The Eye
		Introduction to Sensation and Perception
		The Stimulus: Light
		Anatomy of the Eye
		Photoreceptors
		Transduction
		Central and Peripheral Vision
			Fovea and Periphery
			Types of Eye Movements
		The Optic Nerves
		Overview of the Visual Pathway
	Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing
		Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
		Striate Cortex
		Extrastriate Cortex
			Structures of the Extrastriate Cortex
			Pathways of the Extrastriate Cortex
	Perception of Color
		Role of the Retina in Color Perception
			Photoreceptors: Trichromatic Coding
			Retinal Ganglion Cells: Opponent-process Coding
		Role of the Striate Cortex
		Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
	Perception of Form
		Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
			Visual Agnosia
			Recognizing Categories
			Recognizing Faces
	Perception of Spatial Location
	Perception of Orientation and Movement
		Role of the Striate Cortex
		Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
			Perception of Motion
			Form from Motion
7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
	Audition
		The Stimulus
		Anatomy of the Ear
			Outer Ear
			Middle Ear
			Inner Ear
		Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information
		The Auditory Pathway
			Afferent Connections with the Cochlear Nerve
			Efferent Connections with the Cochlear Nerve
			Subcortical Structures
			Auditory Cortex
		Perception of Pitch
			Place and Rate Coding
		Perception of Loudness
		Perception of Timbre
		Perception of Spatial Location
		Perception of Complex Sounds
			Perception of Environmental Sounds and Their Location
		Perception of Music
	Vestibular System
		Anatomy of the Vestibular System
		The Vestibular Pathway
	Somatosenses
		The Stimuli
		Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
		Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation
			Touch
			Temperature
			Pain
		The Somatosensory Pathways
			Nerves and Subcortical Processing
		Perception of Pain
			Why Do We Experience Pain?
			Perceptual and Behavioral Effects of Pain
		The Stimuli
	Gustation
		Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
		Perception of Gustatory Information
			Salt
			Sour
			Bitter, Sweet, and Umami
		The Gustatory Pathway
	Olfaction
		The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
			Olfactory Receptors
			Olfactory Processing
		Perception of Specific Odors
8 Control of Movement
	Skeletal Muscle
		Anatomy
		The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
		Sensory Feedback from Muscles
	Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord
		The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
		Polysynaptic Reflexes
	Control of Movement by the Brain
		Cortical Structures
			Primary Motor Cortex
			Supplementary Motor Area and Premotor Cortex
		Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
			Lateral Group
			Ventromedial Group
		Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
		Subcortical Structures
			The Reticular Formation
			The Cerebellum
			The Basal Ganglia
	Complex Motor Behavior
		Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
		Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
			Reaching Behavior
			Grasping Behavior
	Deficits of Skilled Movements: the Apraxias
		Limb Apraxia
		Constructional Apraxia
9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
	What Is Sleep?
		Stages of Sleep
		Brain Activity During Sleep
			Brain Activity in Rem and Dreaming
			Brain Activity in Slow-wave Sleep
	Why Do We Sleep?
		Functions of Sleep
			Effects of Sleep Deprivation
			Effects of Physical Activity on Slow-wave Sleep
			Effects of Cognitive Activity on Slow-wave Sleep
			Functions of Rem Sleep
		Sleep and Learning
	Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
		Neural Control of Sleep
		Neural Control of Arousal
			Acetylcholine
			Norepinephrine
			Serotonin
			Histamine
			Orex in
		Neural Control of Sleep/waking Transitions
			Homeostatic, Allostatic, and Circadian Factors
			The Preoptic Area
			Role of Orexin in Sleep/waking Transitions
		Neural Control of Transition to Rem
	Disorders of Sleep
		Insomnia
			Treatment
			Sleep Apnea
		Narcolepsy
			Sleep Attacks
			Cataplexy
			Sleep Paralysis
			Physiological Basis of Narcolepsy
			Treatment
		Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder
		Problems Associated with Slow-wave Sleep
	Biological Clocks
		Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
		The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
			Role in Circadian Rhythms
			Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Control of Sleep and Waking
			The Nature of the Clock
		Control of Seasonal Rhythms: the Pineal Gland and Melatonin
		Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
10 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviors
	Sexual Development
		Production of Gametes and Fertilization
		Development of the Sex Organs
			Gonads
			Internal Sex Organs
			External Genitalia
		Sexual Maturation
	Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
		Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
		Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
			Males
			Females
		Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
		Human Sexual Behavior
			Activational Effects of Sex Hormones in Women
			Activational Effects of Sex Hormones in Men
		Effects of Pheromones
			Human Examples
	Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
		Males
		Females
		Formation of Pair Bonds
	Sexual Orientation
		Roles of Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones in Sexual Orientation
		Role of Steroid Hormones
		Sexual Orientation and the Brain
		Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation
		Heredity and Sexual Orientation
	Parental Behavior
		Maternal Behavior of Rodents
		Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
		Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
		Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
11 Emotion
	Components of Emotional Response
		Role of the Amygdala
		Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
	Aggression, Impulse Control, and Emotional Decision-making
		Role of Testosterone in Aggressive Behavior
		Role of Serotonin in Aggressive Behavior
		Heredity and Aggressive Behavior
		Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
	Communication of Emotions
		Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
		Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
			Laterality of Emotional Recognition
			Role of the Amygdala
			Role of Imitation in Recognition of Emotional Expressions: the Mirror Neuron System
		Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
	Feeling Emotions
		The James-Lange Theory
		Feedback from Emotional Expressions
12 Ingestive Behavior
	Drinking
		Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
		Two Types of Thirst
			Osmometric Thirst
			Volumetric Thirst
	Eating: What Is Metabolism?
		The Short-Term Reservoir
		The Long-Term Reservoir
		Fasting Phase
		Absorptive Phase
	What Starts a Meal?
		Signals from the Environment
		Signals from the Stomach
		Metabolic Signals
	What Stops a Meal?
		Gastric Factors
		Intestinal Factors
		Liver Factors
		Insulin
		Long-term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue
	Brain Mechanisms
		Brain Stem
		Hypothalamus
			Role in Hunger
			Role in Satiety
	Obesity
		Possible Causes
			Environmental Factors
			Physical Activity Factors
			Genetic Factors
		Treatment
			Role of Reinforcement and Stress
			Surgical Interventions
			Pharmcological Intervention
			Behavioral Interventions
	Eating Disorders
		Possible Causes
			Brain Changes
			Excessive Exercise
			Genetic Factors
		Treatment
			Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
			Pharmacology
			Alternative Therapies
13 Learning and Memory
	Overview of Learning and Memory
		Types of Learning
			Stimulus-response Learning
			Motor Learning
			Perceptual Learning
			Relational Learning
		Types of Memory
			Sensory Memory
			Short-term Memory
			Long-term Memory
	Stimulus-response Learning
		Classical Conditioning
			Role of Amygdala
			Role of Glutamate
		Operant Conditioning
			Role of the Basal Ganglia
			Transcortical Pathways
			Basal Ganglia Pathways
			Reinforcement
	Motor Learning
		Role of the Cortex
		Role of the Basal Ganglia
	Perceptual Learning
		Role of the Cortex
			Memory
	Relational Learning
		Human Anterograde Amnesia
			Spared Learning Abilities
			Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories
			Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories
			Semantic Memories
			Spatial Memory
		Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
			Spatial Learning in Animals
	Long-Term Potentiation
		Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
		Role of NMDA Receptors
		Role of AMPA Receptors
		Role of Synaptic Changes
			Presynaptic Changes
			Postsynaptic Changes
			Protein Synthesis
14 Human Communication
	Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
		Lateralization
		Language Production
		Language Comprehension
		Bilingualism
		Prosody
		Recognition of People’s Voices
	Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension
		Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia
			Agrammatism
			Anomia
			Articulation Difficulties
		Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia
			Deficits in Spoken Word Recognition
			Deficits in Language Comprehension
			Deficits in Converting Thoughts into Words
		Conduction Aphasia
		Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf
		Stuttering
	Disorders of Reading and Writing
		Relation to Aphasia
		Pure Alexia
		Toward an Understanding of Reading
			Surface Dyslexia
			Direct Dyslexia
			Phonological Dyslexia
			Visual Word-form Area (vwfa)
			Plasticity in Vwfa
			Developmental Dyslexias
		Toward an Understanding of Writing
			Using Audition in Writing
			Using Vision in Writing
			Using Memorization in Writing
			Using Motor Memory in Writing
			Neural Basis of Writing
15 Neurological Disorders
	Tumors and Seizures
		Tumors
			Causes
			Treatments
		Seizures
			Causes
			Treatments
	Cerebrovascular Accidents
		Causes
		Treatments
	Traumatic Brain Injury
		Causes
		Treatments
	Disorders of Development
		Toxic Chemicals
		Inherited Metabolic Disorders
		Down Syndrome
	Degenerative Disorders
		Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
		Parkinson’s Disease
			Causes
			Treatments
		Huntington’s Disease
			Causes
			Treatments
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
			Causes
			Treatments
		Multiple Sclerosis
			Causes
			Treatments
		Dementia
			Causes
			Treatments
		Korsakoff’s Syndrome
	Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
		Encephalitis
		Meningitis
16 Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Ocd
	Schizophrenia
		Description
			Positive Symptoms
			Negative Symptoms
			Cognitive Symptoms
		Genetic Factors
			Mutations
			Twin and Adoption Studies
			Paternal Age
			Epigenetics
		Environmental Factors
		The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms
			Effects of Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists
			Differences in Dopamine Transmission
			Consequences of Long-term Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia
		The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
			Hypofrontality
			Atypical Antipsychotics
			The Role of Glutamate
			Developmental Changes
	Affective Disorders
		Description
		Genetic Factors
		Biological Treatments
			Pharmacological Treatment
			Electroconvulsive Therapy
			Vagus Nerve Stimulation
			Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
			Deep Brain Stimulation
		Role of the Frontal Cortex
		The Monoamine Hypothesis
		Role of the 5-HT Transporter
		Role of Neurogenesis
		Role of Circadian Rhythms
			Role of Zeitgebers
	Anxiety Disorders
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Treatment
	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Treatment
17 Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Disorders
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
		Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
			Symptoms
			Possible Causes
		Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			Symptoms
			Possible Causes
	Stress
		Physiology of the Stress Response
			Sympathetic Adrenal-medullary System
			Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
		Health Effects of Long-term Stress
		Effects of Stress on the Brain
			Prenatal Stress
			Resilience
		Stress and Infectious Diseases
	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Symptoms
		Possible Causes
		Treatment
	Substance Use Disorders
		The Role of Reinforcement
			Positive Reinforcement
			Neural Mechanisms
			Negative Reinforcement
			Craving and Relapse
		Commonly Abused Drugs
			Opiates
			Stimulants
			Nicotine
			Alcohol
			Cannabis
		Treatment for Substance Use Disorders
			Opiates
			Stimulants
			Nicotine
			Alcohol
References
Name Index
Subject Index