Foundations of Astronomy

Contents
A Note to Students
Ch 1: Here and Now
	1-1: Where are You?
	1-2: When is Now?
	1-3: Why Study Astronomy?
	Study and Review
Ch 2: A User's Guide to the Sky
	2-1: Stars and Constellations
	2-2: The Sky and Celestial Motions
	2-3: Sun and Planets
	2-4: Astronomical Influences on Earth's Climate
	Study and Review
Ch 3: Moon Phases and Eclipses
	3-1: The Changeable Moon
	3-2: Lunar Eclipses
	3-3: Solar Eclipses
	3-4: Predicting Eclipses
	Study and Review
Ch 4: Origins of Modern Astronomy
	4-1: Roots of Astronomy
	4-2: The Copernican Revolution
	4-3: Tycho, Kepler, and Planetary Motion
	4-4: Galileo Finds Conclusive Evidence
	4-5: Ninety-Nine Years That Revolutionized Astronomy
	Study and Review
Ch 5: Gravity
	5-1: Galileo's and Newton's Two New Sciences
	5-2: Orbital Motion and Tides
	5-3: Einstein and Relativity
	Study and Review
Ch 6: Light and Telescopes
	6-1: Radiation: Information from Space
	6-2: Telescopes
	6-3: Observatories on Earth: Optical and Radio
	6-4: Airborne and Space Observatories
	6-5: Astronomical Instruments and Techniques
	6-6: Non-Electromagnetic Astronomy
	Study and Review
Ch 7: Atoms and Spectra
	7-1: Atoms
	7-2: Interactions of Light and Matter
	7-3: Understanding Spectra
	Study and Review
Ch 8: The Sun
	8-1: The Solar Photosphere and Atmosphere
	8-2: Solar Activity
	8-3: Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
	Study and Review
Ch 9: The Family of Stars
	9-1: Star Distances
	9-2: Apparent Brightness, Intrinsic Brightness, and Luminosity
	9-3: Stellar Spectra
	9-4: Star Sizes
	9-5: Star Masses-Binary Stars
	9-6: A Census of the Stars
	Study and Review
Ch 10: The Interstellar Medium
	10-1: Studying the Interstellar Medium
	10-2: Components of the Interstellar Medium
	10-3: The Gas-Stars-Gas Cycle
	Study and Review
Ch 11: The Formation and Structure of Stars
	11-1: Making Stars from the Interstellar Medium
	11-2: The Orion Nebula: Evidence of Star Formation
	11-3: Young Stellar Objects and Protostellar Disks
	11-4: Stellar Structure
	11-5: The Source of Stellar Energy
	Study and Review
Ch 12: Stellar Evolution
	12-1: Main-Sequence Stars
	12-2: Post-Main-Sequence Evolution
	12-3: Star Clusters: Evidence of Stellar Evolution
	12-4: Variable Stars: Evidence of Stellar Evolution
	Study and Review
Ch 13: The Deaths of Stars
	13-1: Low-Mass Stars
	13-2: The Evolution of Binary Stars
	13-3: High-Mass Stars
	13-4: Observations of Supernovae
	13-5: The End of Earth
	Study and Review
Ch 14: Neutron Stars and Black Holes
	14-1: Neutron Stars
	14-2: Black Holes
	14-3: Compact Objects with Disks and Jets
	Study and Review
Ch 15: The Milky Way Galaxy
	15-1: Discovery of the Galaxy
	15-2: Structure of the Galaxy
	15-3: Spiral Arms and Star Formation
	15-4: The Nucleus of the Galaxy
	15-5: Origin and History of the Milky Way Galaxy
	Study and Review
Ch 16: Galaxies
	16-1: The Family of Galaxies
	16-2: Measuring the Properties of Galaxies
	16-3: Evolution of Galaxies
	Study and Review
Ch 17: Active Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
	17-1: Active Galactic Nuclei
	17-2: Supermassive Black Holes
	17-3: A History of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
	Study and Review
Ch 18: Modern Cosmology
	18-1: Introduction to the Universe
	18-2: The Big Bang Theory
	18-3: Space and Time, Matter and Gravity
	18-4: 21st-Century Cosmology
	Study and Review
Ch 19: Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
	19-1: A Survey of the Solar System
	19-2: The Great Chain of Origins
	19-3: Building Planets
	19-4: Planets Orbiting Other Stars
	Study and Review
Ch 20: Earth: The Active Planet
	20-1: A Travel Guide to the Terrestrial Planets
	20-2: Earth as a Planet
	20-3: The Solid Earth
	20-4: Earth's Atmosphere
	Study and Review
Ch 21: The Moon and Mercury: Comparing Airless Worlds
	21-1: The Moon
	21-2: Mercury
	Study and Review
Ch 22: Venus and Mars
	22-1: Venus
	22-2: Mars
	22-3: Mars's Moons
	Study and Review
Ch 23: Jupiter and Saturn
	23-1: A Travel Guide to the Outer Solar System
	23-2: Jupiter
	23-3: Jupiter's Moons and Rings
	23-4: Saturn
	23-5: Saturn's Moons and Rings
	Study and Review
Ch 24: Uranus, Neptune, and the Kuiper Belt
	24-1: Uranus
	24-2: Neptune
	24-3: Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
	Study and Review
Ch 25: Meteorites, Asteroids, and Comets
	25-1: Meteorites, Meteors, and Meteoroids
	25-2: Asteroids
	25-3: Comets
	25-4: Asteroid and Comet Impacts
	Study and Review
Ch 26: Astrobiology: Life on Other Worlds
	26-1: The Nature of Life
	26-2: Life in the Universe
	26-3: Intelligent Life in the Universe
	Study and Review
Afterword
Appendix A: Units and Astronomical Data
Appendix B: Observing the Sky
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
Glossary
Index