Foundations of Astronomy

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
CONTENTS
A Note to Students
About the Authors
PART 1  Exploring the Sky
	1- Here and Now
		1-1 Where are You?
		1-2 When is Now?
		1-3 Why Study Astronomy?
		Study and Review
	2- A User's Guide to the Sky
		2-1 Stars and Constellations
		2-2 The Sky and Celestial Motions
		2-3 Sun and Planets
		2-4 Astronomical Influences on Earth's Climate
		Study and Review
	3- Moon Phases and Eclipses
		3-1 The Changeable Moon
		3-2 Lunar Eclipses
		3-3 Solar Eclipses
		3-4 Predicting Eclipses
		Study and Review
	4- Origins of Modern Astronomy
		4-1 Roots of Astronomy
		4-2 The Copernican Revolution
		4-3 Tycho, Kepler, and Planetary Motion
		4-4 Galileo Finds Conclusive Evidence
		4-5 Ninety-Nine Years That Revolutionized Astronomy
		Study and Review
	5- Gravity
		5-1 Galileo's and Newton's Two New Sciences
		5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides
		5-3 Einstein and Relativity
		Study and Review
	6- Light and Telescopes
		6-1 Radiation: Information from Space
		6-2 Telescopes
		6-3 Observatories on Earth: Optical and Radio
		6-4 Airborne and Space Observatories
		6-5 Astronomical Instruments and Techniques
		6-6 Non-Electromagnetic Astronomy
		Study and Review
PART 2  The Stars
	7- Atoms and Spectra
		7-1 Atoms
		7-2 Interactions of Light and Matter
		7-3 Understanding Spectra
		Study and Review
	8- The Sun
		8-1 The Solar Photosphere and Atmosphere
		8-2 Solar Activity
		8-3 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
		Study and Review
	9- The Family of Stars
		9-1 Star Distances
		9-2 Apparent Brightness, Intrinsic Brightness, and Luminosity
		9-3 Stellar Spectra
		9-4 Star Sizes
		9-5 Star Masses-Binary Stars
		9-6 A Census of the Stars
		Study and Review
	10- The Interstellar Medium
		10-1 Studying the Interstellar Medium
		10-2 Components of the Interstellar Medium
		10-3 The Gas-Stars-Gas Cycle
		Study and Review
	11- The Formation and Structure of Stars
		11-1 Making Stars from the Interstellar Medium
		11-2 The Orion Nebula: Evidence of Star Formation
		11-3 Young Stellar Objects and Protostellar Disks
		11-4 Stellar Structure
		11-5 The Source of Stellar Energy
		Study and Review
	12- Stellar Evolution
		12-1 Main-Sequence Stars
		12-2 Post-Main-Sequence Evolution
		12-3 Star Clusters: Evidence of Stellar Evolution
		12-4 Variable Stars: Evidence of Stellar Evolution
		Study and Review
	13- The Deaths of Stars
		13-1 Low-Mass Stars
		13-2 The Evolution of Binary Stars
		13-3 High-Mass Stars
		13-4 Observations of Supernovae
		13-5 The End of Earth
		Study and Review
	14- Neutron Stars and Black Holes
		14-1 Neutron Stars
		14-2 Black Holes
		14-3 Compact Objects with Disks and Jets
		Study and Review
PART 3  The Universe
	15- The Milky Way Galaxy
		15-1 Discovery of the Galaxy
		15-2 Structure of the Galaxy
		15-3 Spiral Arms and Star Formation
		15-4 The Nucleus of the Galaxy
		15-5 Origin and History of the Milky Way Galaxy
		Study and Review
	16- Galaxies
		16-1 The Family of Galaxies
		16-2 Measuring the Properties of Galaxies
		16-3 Evolution of Galaxies
		Study and Review
	17- Active Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
		17-1 Active Galactic Nuclei
		17-2 Supermassive Black Holes
		17-3 A History of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes
		Study and Review
	18- Modern Cosmology
		18-1 Introduction to the Universe
		18-2 The Big Bang Theory
		18-3 Space and Time, Matter and Gravity
		18-4 21st-Century Cosmology
		Study and Review
PART 4  The Solar System
	19- Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
		19-1 A Survey of the Solar System
		19-2 The Great Chain of Origins
		19-3 Building Planets
		19-4 Planets Orbiting Other Stars
		Study and Review
	20- Earth: The Active Planet
		20-1 A Travel Guide to the Terrestrial Planets
		20-2 Earth as a Planet
		20-3 The Solid Earth
		20-4 Earth's Atmosphere
		Study and Review
	21- The Moon and Mercury: Comparing Airless Worlds
		21-1 The Moon
		21-2 Mercury
		Study and Review
	22- Venus and Mars
		22-1 Venus
		22-2 Mars
		22-3 Mars's Moons
		Study and Review
	23- Jupiter and Saturn
		23-1 A Travel Guide to the Outer Solar System
		23-2 Jupiter
		23-3 Jupiter's Moons and Rings
		23-4 Saturn
		23-5 Saturn's Moons and Rings
		Study and Review
	24- Uranus, Neptune, and the Kuiper Belt
		24-1 Uranus
		24-2 Neptune
		24-3 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
		Study and Review
	25- Meteorites, Asteroids, and Comets
		25-1 Meteorites, Meteors, and Meteoroids
		25-2 Asteroids
		25-3 Comets
		25-4 Asteroid and Comet Impacts
		Study and Review
PART 5  Life
	26- Astrobiology: Life on Other Worlds
		26-1 The Nature of Life
		26-2 Life in the Universe
		26-3 Intelligent Life in the Universe
		Study and Review
Afterword
Appendix A: Units and Astronomical Data
Appendix B: Observing the Sky
ANSWERS to Even-Numbered Problems
Glossary
INDEX
	A
	B, C
	D
	E
	F, G
	H, I
	J, K
	L
	M
	N
	O, P
	Q, R
	S
	T
	U, V
	W, X, Y, Z
Universe Bowl (Timeline)
Flash Reference
	H-R Diagram
	Comparative Planetology
	Arrows