Foundations of aerodynamics

Contents\r......Page 7
1.2 - Units\r......Page 14
1.3 - Properties of Gases at Rest\r......Page 15
1.4 - Fluid Statics: The Standard Atmosphere\r......Page 17
1.5 - Fluids in Motion\r......Page 19
1.6 - Analogy Between Viscosity and Other Transport Properties\r......Page 23
1.7 - Force on a Body Moving Through a Fluid\r......Page 24
1.8 - The Approximate Formulation of Flow Problems\r......Page 26
Problems\r......Page 27
2.1 - Introduction: Fields\r......Page 29
2.2 - Vector Notation and Vector Algebra......Page 30
2.3 - Scalar Field, Directional Derivative, Gradient\r......Page 35
2.4 - Vector Field: Method of Description\r......Page 40
2.5 - Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions, Control Volume\r......Page 43
2.6 - Divergence of a Vector, Theorem of Gauss\r......Page 45
2.7 - Conservation of Mass and the Equation of Continuity\r......Page 47
2.8 - Stream Function in 2D Incompressible Flow\r......Page 50
2.9 - The Shear Derivatives: Rotation and Strain\r......Page 56
2.10 - Circulation, Curl of a Vector\r......Page 61
2.11 - Irrotational Flow\r......Page 63
2.12 - Theorem of Stokes\r......Page 64
2.13 - Velocity Potential\r......Page 66
2.14 - Point Vortex, Vortex Filament, Law of Biot and Savart\r......Page 70
Problems\r......Page 75
3.2 - Acceleration of a Fluid Particle\r......Page 81
3.3 - Euler\'s Equation\r......Page 85
3.4 - Bernoulli\'s Equation For Irrotational Flow\r......Page 88
3.5 - Bernoulli\'s Equation for Rotational Flow\r......Page 90
3.6 -\rApplications of Bernoulli\'s Equation in Incompressible Flows......Page 92
3.7 - The Momentum Theorem of Fluid Mechanics\r......Page 94
Problems\r......Page 101
4.1 - Introduction......Page 106
4.2 - Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions\r......Page 107
4.4 - Source in a Uniform Flow\r......Page 109
4.5 - Flow Pattern of a Source-Sink Pair: Doublet\r......Page 112
4.6 - Flow About a Circular Cylinder in a Uniform Stream\r......Page 114
4.7 - Circulator Flow about a Cylinder in a Uniform Stream\r......Page 115
4.8 - Force on a Cylinder with Circulation in a Uniform Steady Flow: The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem\r......Page 117
4.10 - Kutta Condition......Page 121
4.11 - Numerical Solution of Flow Past 2D Symmetric Bodies\r......Page 124
4.12 - Aerodynamic Interference: Method of Images\r......Page 128
4.13 The Method of Source Panels\r......Page 132
Problems\r......Page 140
5.1 - Introduction\r......Page 145
5.2 - The Vortex Sheet\r......Page 147
5.3 - The Vortex Sheet in Thin-Airfoil Theory\r......Page 149
5.5 - Properties of the Symmetric Airfoil\r......Page 151
5.6 - Circulation Distribution for the Cambered Airfoil\r......Page 155
5.7 - Properties of the Cambered Airfoil......Page 157
5.8 - The Flapped Airfoil\r......Page 163
5.9 - Numerical Solution of the Thin-Airfoil Problem\r......Page 167
5.10 - The Airfoil of Arbitrary Thickness and Camber\r......Page 169
5.11 - Summary\r......Page 177
Problems\r......Page 179
6.2 - Flow Fields Around Finite Wings\r......Page 182
6.3 - Downwash and Induced Drag\r......Page 185
6.4 - The Fundamental Equations of Finite-Wing Theory......Page 187
6.5 - The Elliptical Lift Distribution\r......Page 189
6.6 - Comparison With Experiment\r......Page 195
6.7 - The Arbitrary Circulation Distribution\r......Page 197
6.8 - The Twisted Wing: Basic and Additional Lift\r......Page 202
6.9 - Approximate Calculations of Additional Lift\r......Page 212
6.10 - Winglets\r......Page 213
6.11 - Other Characteristics of a Finite Wing\r......Page 215
6.12 - Stability and Trim of Wings\r......Page 217
6.13 - Higher Approximations\r......Page 219
6.15 - Interference Effects\r......Page 220
6.16 - Concluding Remarks\r......Page 223
Problems\r......Page 225
7.1 - Scope\r......Page 233
7.2 - Equation of Continuity: Stream Function\r......Page 234
7.4 - Equation of Equilibrium: Bernoulli\'s Equation\r......Page 235
7.5 - Criterion for Superposition of Compressible Flows\r......Page 236
Problems\r......Page 237
8.1 - Introduction\r......Page 238
8.2 - Characteristics of an Ideal Gas: Equation of State\r......Page 239
8.3 - First Law of Thermodynamics\r......Page 242
8.4 - Steady Flow Energy Equation\r......Page 245
8.5 - Reversibility\r......Page 250
8.6 - Second Law of Thermodynamics\r......Page 252
8.7 - Bernoulli\'s Equation for Isentropic Compressible Flow\r......Page 254
8.8 - Static and Stagnation Values\r......Page 255
Problems\r......Page 258
9.2 - Speed of Sound\r......Page 259
9.3 - Flow Relations in Terms of Mach Number\r......Page 263
9.4 - Measurement of Flight Speed (Subsonic)\r......Page 265
9.5 - Isentropic 1D Flow\r......Page 266
9.6 - The Laval Nozzle\r......Page 268
9.7 - Supersonic Wind Tunnels\r......Page 272
9.8 - 1D Flow With Friction and Heat Addition\r......Page 274
9.9 - Heat Addition to a Constant-Area Duct\r......Page 276
Problems\r......Page 279
10.1 - Establishment of a Flow Field\r......Page 283
10.2 - Mach Waves\r......Page 285
10.3 - Large Amplitude Waves\r......Page 287
10.4 - Prandtl-Meyer Flow\r......Page 288
10.5 - Finite Compression Waves\r......Page 291
10.6 - The Characteristic Ratios as Functions of Mach Number\r......Page 296
10.7 - Normal Shock Wave\r......Page 299
10.8 - Plane Oblique Shock Waves\r......Page 300
10.9 - Conical Oblique Shock Waves\r......Page 302
10.10 - Shocks in Channels\r......Page 304
10.11 - Reflection of Waves\r......Page 307
10.12 - Flow Boundary Intereference in Transonic and Supersonic Wind Tunnels\r......Page 310
Problems\r......Page 312
11.1 - Introduction\r......Page 317
11.2 - The Flow Equation\r......Page 318
11.3 - Flow Equation for Small Perturbations\r......Page 319
11.4 - Steady Supersonic Flows\r......Page 321
11.5 - Pressure Coefficient for Small Perturbations\r......Page 323
Problems\r......Page 325
12.2 - Boundary Conditions......Page 326
12.3 - Airfoils in Subsonic Flow: Prandtl-Glauert Transformation\r......Page 328
12.4 - Critical Mach Number\r......Page 332
12.5 - Airfoils in Transonic Flow\r......Page 334
12.6 - Airfoils in Supersonic Flow\r......Page 337
Problems\r......Page 343
13.2 - Wings and Bodies in Compressible Flows: The Prandtl-Glauert-Goethert Transformation\r......Page 345
13.3 - Influence of Sweepback\r......Page 350
13.4 - Design Rules for Wing-Fuselage Combinations\r......Page 352
13.5 - Concluding Remarks\r......Page 367
Problems\r......Page 368
14.1 - Introduction\r......Page 370
14.2 - The No-Slip Condition\r......Page 371
14.3 - The Viscous Boundary Layer\r......Page 372
14.4 - Viscous Stresses\r......Page 373
14.5 - Boundary Layer Equation of Motion\r......Page 374
14.6 - Similarity in Incompressible Flows\r......Page 376
14.7 - Physical Interpretation of Reynolds Number\r......Page 377
Problems\r......Page 378
15.2 - Laminar Flow in a Tube\r......Page 380
15.3 - Laminar Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate\r......Page 382
15.4 - Effect of Pressure Gradient: Flow Separation\r......Page 389
15.5 - Similarity in Boundary Layer Flows\r......Page 390
15.6 - The Karman Integral Relation\r......Page 391
15.7 - Laminar Flow Separation\r......Page 395
Problems\r......Page 399
16.1 - Introduction\r......Page 403
16.2 - Conservation of Energy in the Boundary Layer\r......Page 404
16.4 - Similarity Considerations for Compressible Boundary Layers\r......Page 407
16.5 - Solutions of the Energy Equation for Prandtl Number Unity\r......Page 409
16.6 - Temperature Recovery Factor\r......Page 412
16.7 - Heat Transfer Versus Skin Friction\r......Page 415
16.8 - Velocity and Temperature Profiles and Skin Friction\r......Page 418
16.9 - Effects of Pressure Gradient\r......Page 420
Problems\r......Page 423
17.1 - Introduction\r......Page 426
17.2 - Gross Effects\r......Page 427
17.3 - Reynolds Experiment\r......Page 428
17.4 - Tollmien-Schlichting Instability and Transition\r......Page 429
17.5 - Factors Affecting Instability and Transition\r......Page 434
17.6 - Natural Laminar Flow and Laminar Flow Control\r......Page 445
17.7 - Stratified Flows\r......Page 446
17.9 - The Transition Phenomenon\r......Page 448
17.10 - Methods for Experimentally Detecting Transition\r......Page 449
17.11 - Flow Around Spheres and Circular Cylinders\r......Page 450
Problems\r......Page 454
18.1 - Introduction\r......Page 456
18.2 - Desrciption of the Turbulent Field\r......Page 457
18.3 - Statistical Properties\r......Page 459
18.4 - The Conservation Equations\r......Page 466
18.5 - Laminar Sublayer\r......Page 469
18.6 - Fully Developed Flow in Tubes and Channels\r......Page 470
18.7 - Constant-Pressure Turbulent Boundary Layer\r......Page 475
18.8 - Turbulent Drag Reduction\r......Page 481
18.9 - Effects of Pressure Gradient\r......Page 482
18.10 - The Stratford Criterion for Turbulent Separation\r......Page 485
18.11 - Effects of Compressibility on Skin Friction\r......Page 491
18.12 - Reynolds Analogy: Heat Transfer and Temperature Recovery Factor......Page 492
18.13 - Free Turbulent Shear Flows......Page 494
Problems\r......Page 496
19.2 - Airfoil Designs for High Clmax\r......Page 499
19.3 - Multiple Lifting Surfaces\r......Page 503
19.5 - Streamwise Vorticity\r......Page 506
19.6 - Secondary Flows\r......Page 509
19.7 - Vortex Lift: Strakes\r......Page 511
19.8 - Flow About 3D Bodies\r......Page 514
19.9 - Unsteady Lift\r......Page 517
Problems\r......Page 519
Appendix A\r......Page 521
Appendix B\r......Page 526
Table 1 - \rConversion Factors......Page 545
Table 2 - Properties of Air and Water\r......Page 546
Table 3 - Properties of Standard Atmosphere\r......Page 547
Table 4 - Flow Parameters versus M for Subsonic Flow......Page 548
Table 5 - Flow Parameters versus M for Supersonic Flow\r......Page 551
Table 6 - Parameters for Shock Flow\r......Page 560
Table 7 - Thermal Properties of Air\r......Page 567
References\r......Page 569
Index\r......Page 576