Foundations for nanoscience and nanotechnology

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Tabel of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Part I: Introduction......Page 18
  1.1 Nanoscience Versus Nanotechnology......Page 20
  1.2 the Importance of Nanoscale Phenomena......Page 23
   1.3.1 Pervasiveness......Page 24
   1.3.3 Power......Page 25
  1.4 Moving Forward......Page 27
Part II: Understanding Quantum Confinement......Page 30
 Chapter 2: The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics......Page 34
  2.1 the Six Postulates of Quantum Mechanics......Page 35
  2.2 Commutators and the Principle of Shared Eigenfunctions......Page 39
  3.1 Conservative Forces......Page 42
  4.1 the Free Particle......Page 44
   4.1.1 the Uncertainty Principle at Work......Page 46
   4.1.2 the Concept of Wave Packets......Page 47
   4.2.1 One-dimensional Box Bounded by Infinite Potentials......Page 50
   4.2.2 Two- and Three-dimensional Boxes Bounded by Infinite Potentials......Page 54
   4.2.3 Rings, Disks, Shells, and Spheres Bounded by Infinite Potentials......Page 58
    4.2.3.1 Confinement to a Ring Bounded by an Infinite Potential......Page 59
    4.2.3.2 Confinement to a Disk Bounded by an Infinite Potential......Page 62
    4.2.3.3 Confinement to Spherically Symmetric Systems: Spherical Harmonics......Page 66
    4.2.3.4 Confinement to a Spherical Shell by an Infinite Potential......Page 68
   4.3.1 Influences of Barriers: Tunneling......Page 69
   4.3.2 One-dimensional Boxes Bounded by Finite Potentials......Page 72
   4.3.3 Other Systems Bounded by Finite Potentials......Page 75
    4.3.3.1 the Hydrogen Atom......Page 78
    4.3.3.2 the Harmonic Oscillator......Page 80
    4.3.3.3 the Rigid Rotator......Page 82
 Chapter 5: Applications to Systems with Many Electrons......Page 84
   5.1.1 Conjugated Electronic Systems......Page 85
   5.1.2 Free Electron Gas Model of Metals......Page 87
    5.1.3.1 Effect of Crystal Size......Page 91
    5.1.3.2 Effect of the Lattice Structure......Page 92
    5.1.3.3 an Alternative Approach......Page 95
   5.1.4 Band Structure of Semiconductors and Insulators......Page 96
   5.1.5 Junctions Between Materials......Page 98
   5.1.6 Excitons......Page 100
  5.2 Selected Examples......Page 102
  5.3 Photoluminescence in Semiconductors......Page 105
  5.4 Application to Biological Systems......Page 110
Part III : Understanding Surfacethermodynamics......Page 112
  6.1 Some Basic Concepts......Page 116
  6.2 the Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 119
    6.2.1.1 Some Consequences of the First Law......Page 121
    6.2.2.1 the Concept of Spontaneous Change and Entropy......Page 124
  6.3 General Criteria for Spontaneous Change......Page 129
  6.4 the Maxwell Relations......Page 131
  6.5 Open Systems and the Chemical Potential......Page 132
  7.1 Phase Equilibria......Page 136
   7.2.2 the Kelvin Equation......Page 141
   7.2.4 Adhesion Versus Cohesion: Interfacial Tension......Page 146
    7.2.4.1 Superhydrophobicity......Page 151
    7.2.5.1 Properties of Semiconductor Nanoparticles......Page 153
    7.2.5.2 Chemical Equilibria Are Dependent on Size......Page 155
    7.2.5.3 Catalysis......Page 159
  8.1 the Photoelectric Effect......Page 162
  9.1 Basic Terminology......Page 166
  9.2 Forces Between Surfaces......Page 167
  9.3 Attractive Forces......Page 169
   9.4.1 Electric Potentials and Surface Potentials......Page 173
   9.4.2 Boltzmann Distributions of Charge Around Nanoparticles......Page 174
    9.4.2.1 1:1 Electrolyte Solutions......Page 175
    9.4.2.2 Debye–huckel Approximation......Page 176
   9.4.3 the Zeta-potential and Its Significance......Page 178
   9.4.4 the Repulsive Interaction Potential......Page 179
  9.5 Final Steps Towards the Dlvo Theory......Page 180
  9.6 Limitations and Applications......Page 183
Part IV: Understanding Fluctuations Insmall Systems......Page 188
   10.1.1 Measured Distributions and Distribution Functions......Page 192
   10.1.2 Characteristics of a Distribution......Page 195
    10.1.3.1 the Binomial Distribution......Page 197
    10.1.3.2 the Poisson Distribution......Page 198
    10.1.3.3 the Normal Distribution......Page 200
    10.1.3.4 the Log-normal Distribution......Page 201
    10.1.3.5 the Boltzmann Distribution......Page 202
   10.1.4 Limits of the Binomial Distribution......Page 203
  10.2 Inherent Variability......Page 204
  11.1 Isolated Systems......Page 206
  11.2 Closed Systems......Page 208
  11.3 Open Systems......Page 209
  11.4 Relationships Between Partition Functions and Thermodynamic Functions......Page 210
  12.1 the Concept of Fluctuations......Page 214
  12.2 Fluctuations of Energy in Closed Systems......Page 215
  12.3 Distribution of Energy Among Individual Molecules......Page 216
  12.4 Fluctuations of Energy and Numbers in Open Systems......Page 217
  13.1 the Challenge of Measuring Dynamic Processes......Page 220
   13.1.1 Transport Phenomena......Page 221
    13.1.1.1 Fick’s Laws and the Diffusion Coefficient......Page 222
   13.1.2 Reaction Kinetics......Page 223
   13.1.3 Measuring Concentrations......Page 226
  13.2 Fluctuations and Chemical Kinetics......Page 228
   13.2.1 Concentration Correlation Spectroscopy......Page 229
    13.2.1.1 Correlation Functions and Their Interpretation......Page 231
    13.2.1.2 Measures of Concentration......Page 235
  13.3 Photon Correlation Spectroscopy......Page 237
  13.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy......Page 238
Part V: Understanding Light-matterinteractions......Page 240
 Chapter 14: The Principles of Absorption and Emission of Light......Page 244
  14.1 the Quantum Mechanical Description of Absorption and Emission of Energy......Page 245
   14.1.1 the Transition Dipole Moment for Electronic Transitions......Page 247
   14.1.2 Selection Rules for Electronic Transitions......Page 248
   14.1.3 the Einstein Coefficients......Page 249
   14.1.4 Absorption and Emission Line Shapes......Page 252
    14.1.4.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Line Broadening......Page 253
   14.1.5 Black-body Radiation......Page 255
  15.1 the Optical Transitions......Page 256
   15.1.1 the Frank–condon Principle......Page 258
   15.1.2 Intersystem Crossing......Page 259
    15.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy......Page 262
      15.2.1.1 Preparing the Excited State ......Page 264
      15.2.1.2 Decay of the Excited State ......Page 265
      15.2.1.3 Quantum Yield of Fluorescence ......Page 267
      15.2.2.1 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer ......Page 269
      15.2.2.2 Kinetics of Energy Transfer ......Page 271
      15.2.2.3 Measurements of Energy Transfer ......Page 275
   15.1.3 the Jablonski Diagram......Page 261
   16.1.1 Microscope Optics......Page 278
   16.1.2 Confocal Microscopy......Page 281
    16.1.2.1 the Shape of the Confocal Volume......Page 282
    16.1.2.2 the Size of the Confocal Volume......Page 284
    16.1.3.1 Optical Techniques......Page 286
    16.1.3.2 Stimulated Emission or Saturation Techniques......Page 288
    16.1.3.3 Localization Techniques......Page 290
    16.1.3.4 Multi-photon Techniques......Page 292
   16.1.4 Single Molecule Fret......Page 293
  16.2 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy......Page 295
   16.2.1 Sources of Fluorescence Fluctuations......Page 296
   16.2.2 Fcs of a Single Species......Page 297
   16.2.3 Fcs of Multiple Species......Page 300
   16.3.1 Image Correlation Spectroscopy: Ics......Page 302
   16.3.2 Image Cross-correlation Spectroscopy: Iccs......Page 305
   16.3.3 Capturing Dynamics......Page 307
  17.1 the Wave Equation......Page 310
   17.2.1 the Maxwell Equations......Page 311
   17.2.2 Light Is a Transverse Wave......Page 313
   17.2.3 the Energy in the Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 314
   17.2.4 Photons......Page 315
   17.2.5 Light Entering a Medium......Page 316
  17.3 Reflection and Refraction......Page 320
   17.3.1 Snell’s Law......Page 321
   17.3.2 the S- and P-polarization......Page 323
   17.3.3 Fresnel Equations......Page 324
   17.3.4 Reflectance and Transmittance......Page 327
   17.3.5 Evanescent Waves......Page 328
    17.4.1.1 Interface Waves......Page 330
   17.4.3 Plasmon Resonance in Nanoparticles......Page 332
  18.1 Final Thoughts......Page 334
  18.2 Acknowledgments......Page 335
Part VI: Problems and References......Page 338
  19.2 Chapter 2 Problems......Page 340
  19.4 Chapter 4 Problems......Page 341
  19.5 Chapter 5 Problems......Page 343
  19.6 Chapter 6 Problems......Page 344
  19.7 Chapter 7 Problems......Page 345
  19.8 Chapter 8 Problems......Page 346
  19.10 Chapter 10 Problems......Page 347
  19.12 Chapter 12 Problems......Page 348
  19.13 Chapter 13 Problems......Page 349
  19.15 Chapter 15 Problems......Page 350
  19.17 Chapter 17 Problems......Page 351
  20.3 Chapter 4......Page 354
  20.6 Chapter 7......Page 355
  20.11 Chapter 16......Page 356
  20.12 Chapter 17......Page 357
Index......Page 358