Formation Damage in Oil and Gas Reservoirs: Nanotechnology Applications for Its Inhibition/Remediation (Nanotechnology Science and Technology: ... Technologies, Regulations and Safety)

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Multiparameter Methodology for Skin-Factor Characterization
	Abstract
	Nomenclature
	1. Scope of Model
	2. Description of the Multiparameter Methodology
		2.1. Mineral Scaling Parameter (????????????)
		2.2. Organic Scaling Parameter (????????????)
		2.3. Fines Blockage Parameter (FBP)
		2.4. Induced Damage Parameter (????????????)
		2.5. Relative Permeability Parameter (????????????)
		2.6. Alternative Calculation for the Normalized Values of the Damage Subparameters
	3. Some Model Outputs
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2
Precipitation of Particles in Oil Wells: A Methodology for Estimating the Level of Risk  of Formation Damage
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Asphaltene Deposits
		2.1. General Concepts
		2.2. Precipitation of Asphaltene
			2.2.1. The Solubility Parameter
			2.2.2. Stability of Asphaltene
			2.2.3. Mathematical Model of Precipitation of Asphaltene
	3. Paraffin Deposits
		3.1. General Concepts
		3.2. Precipitation of Paraffin
			3.2.1. Stability of Paraffin
			3.2.2. Mathematical Model of Precipitation of Paraffin
	4. Fines Deposits
		4.1. General Concepts
		4.2. Precipitation of Fines
			4.2.1. Stability of Fines
			4.2.2. Mathematical Model of Deposition of Fines
	5. Diagnostics and Levels of  Risk of Formation Damage
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3
Nanoparticle Fabrication Methods
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and Methods
		2.1. Top-Down
			2.1.1. Reactive Grinding/Ball Milling
		2.2. Bottom-Up
			2.2.1. Solvothermal
			2.2.2. Precipitation and Co-Precipitation
			2.2.3. Ultrasound-Assisted Nanoparticle Synthesis [50]
			2.2.4. Microwave-Assisted Nanoparticle Synthesis
		2.3. Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials:  History and Perspectives
			2.3.1. Graphene
				2.3.1.1. Structure and Properties
				2.3.1.2. Synthesis
					2.3.1.2.1. Mechanical Exfoliation
					2.3.1.2.2. Chemical Exfoliation
					2.3.1.2.3. Electrochemical Exfoliation
					2.3.1.2.4. Epitaxial Growth
					2.3.1.2.5. Chemical Vapor Deposition
					2.3.1.2.6. Chemical Synthesis
					2.3.1.2.7. Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes
			2.3.2. Carbon Nanotubes
				2.3.2.1. Structure and Properties
				2.3.2.2. Synthesis
					2.3.2.2.1. Arc-Discharge Method
					2.3.2.2.2. Laser Ablation
					2.3.2.2.3. Chemical Vapor Deposition
					2.3.2.2.4. Other Methods
			2.3.3. Carbon Nanofibers
			2.3.4. Nanodiamonds
			2.3.5. Carbon Nanospheres
				2.3.5.1. Synthesis
					2.3.5.1.1. Chemical Vapor Deposition/Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons
					2.3.5.1.2. Hydrothermal Treatment
					2.3.5.1.3. Sol–Gel Polymerization
		2.4. Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Bimetallics,  and Ceramics
			2.4.1. Synthesis of the Ceramic Materials
			2.4.2. Nanomaterials Summary
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Wettability Alteration  in Sandstone Cores Using Nanofluids  Based on Silica Gel
	Abstract
	Introduction
	1. Wettability Alteration of Porous Medium
	2. Nanoparticles for Wettability Alteration  of Porous Medium
	3. Materials and Methods
		3.1. Materials
		3.2. Methods
			3.1.1. Synthesis of Silica (SiO2) Nanoparticles
			3.1.2. Nanoparticles Characterization
			3.1.3. Tests for Determining the Wettability
			3.1.4. Design of the Experiments
			3.1.5. Displacement Tests
	4. Results
		4.1. Synthesis and Characterization of the Nanoparticles
		4.2. Spontaneous Imbibition Method
		4.3. Contact Angle Method
		4.4. Displacement Test
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5
Synergy of SiO2 Nanoparticle-Polymer in Enhanced Oil Recovery Process to Avoid Formation Damage Caused by Retention in Porous Media and Improve Resistance  to Degradative Effects
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Formation Damage in Polymer Flooding
	3. Nanoparticles in Polymer Flooding
	3. Materials and Methods
		3.1. Materials
		3.2. Methods
			3.2.1. Polymer Evaluation
			3.2.2. Isotherms of Adsorption and Desorption
			3.2.3. Retention Test
			3.2.4. Measurement of Aggregate Size
			3.2.5. Rheological Behavior and Stability in Time
	4. Modeling
		4.1. Adsorption Isotherms
		4.2. Rheological Behavior
	5. Results
		5.1. Polymer Evaluation
		5.2. Adsorption and Desorption Tests
		5.3. Measurement of Aggregate Size
		5.4. Retention Test
		5.5. Rheological Behavior
			5.5.1. Stability of Rheological Behavior in Time
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6
Inhibition of the Formation Damage due to Fines Migration on  Low-Permeability Reservoirs  of Sandstone Using Silica-Based Nanofluids: From Laboratory  to a Successful Field Trial
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Fines Migration Damage Overview
	3. Nanoparticles for Inhibiting the Formation Damage by Fines Migration
	4. Materials and Methods
		4.1. Materials
			4.1.1. Nanoparticles
			4.1.2. Reagents
			4.1.3. Sand-Pack, Porous Media and Fines Suspension
		4.2. Methods
			4.2.1. Fines Retention Test: Low Pressure
			4.2.2. Fines Retention Test: High Pressure
	5. Results
		5.1. Methods
			5.1.1. Fines Retention Test: Low Pressure
			5.1.2. Estimation of the Critical Rate of the Fines Migration
			5.1.3. Field Trial
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7
Application of Nanofluids for Improving Oil Mobility in Heavy Oil and Extra-Heavy Oil: A Field Test
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Experimental
		2.1. Materials
			2.1.1. Crude Oils
			2.1.2. Solvents and Reagents
		2.2. Methods
			2.2.1. Asphaltene Extraction Protocol
			2.2.2. Surface Area and Particle Size Measurements
			2.2.3. Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherms
			2.2.4. Viscosity Measurements
		2.3. Fluid Injection Tests
			2.3.1. Porous Media
			2.3.2. Preparation of the Injection Fluids
			2.3.3. Experimental Setup and Procedure
	3. Results and Discussion
		3.1. Nanoparticle Characterization
		3.2. Batch Adsorption Test: The Equilibrium Isotherm of Asphaltenes Adsorption onto the Nanoparticles
		3.3. Viscosity Measurements
		3.4. Core Displacement Tests
	4. Field Application
		4.1. CH Field Results
		4.2. Ca Field Results
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 8
Application of Nanofluids in Field  for Inhibition of Asphaltene Formation Damage
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and Methods
		2.1. Materials
			2.1.1. Nanoparticles
			2.1.2. n-C7 asphaltene
		2.2. Experimental Methods
			2.2.1. Adsorption Experiments
			2.2.2. Core-flooding Tests
		2.3. Field Trial conditions
			2.3.1. Well Candidate Selection
			2.3.2. Stimulation and Inhibition Job Strategy in CP1 Sur Well
	3. Results and Discussions
		3.1. Adsorption Kinetics
		3.2. Core-Flooding Test with Nanofluid
		3.3. Field Application
	Conclusion
	References
About the Editors
Index
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