Forestry in the midst of global changes

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Editors
Contributors
Section I
: Setting the Scene
	Chapter 1: Introduction
		References
	Chapter 2: What Is a Forest?
		2.1 INTRODUCTION
		2.2 WHAT IS A TREE?
		2.3 HOW MANY TREE SPECIES ARE THERE ON THE GLOBE?
		2.4 HOW MANY TREES ARE THERE ON THE PLANET?
		2.5 WHERE ARE THE FORESTS?
		2.6 WHICH FOREST COVER?
		2.7 FORESTS AT THE CROSSROAD OF SYSTEMS
		2.8 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		Endnotes
	Chapter 3: Main Milestones in Forestry Evolution
		3.1 INTRODUCTION
		3.2 MILLENNIA OF IMPLICIT COMMUNITY-BASED FORESTRY
		3.3 LONG HEGEMONY OF INDUSTRIAL OR MONOFUNCTIONAL FORESTRY
		3.4 SHIFTS AWAY FROM TIMBER PRIMACY
			3.4.1 Community-Based Forestry
			3.4.2 Toward Postindustrial Forestry
				3.4.2.1 Multipurpose Forestry
					3.4.2.1.1 Multiple Use and Multifunctional Forestry
					3.4.2.1.2 Sustainable Forestry
				3.4.2.2 Urban Forestry
				3.4.2.3 Recent External and Broader Approaches
					3.4.2.3.1 Ecosystem Approach and Model Forests
					3.4.2.3.2 Ecosystem Service Approach
					3.4.2.3.3 Landscape Approach
		3.5 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 4: Main Current Ethical Models on the Scene
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 On Ethics
			4.2.1 Distinguishing the Various Discourses
			4.2.2 Ethics, Morals, and Deontology
			4.2.3 Ethical Reasoning
		4.3 On Environmental Ethics
			4.3.1 Nature and Cultures
			4.3.2 Naturalism and Environmental Ethics
		4.4 Anthropocene
			4.4.1 New Era
			4.4.2 Partnership with Nature
		4.5 Ethical Dialogue: Developing Communication Skills
			4.5.1 Dialogical Dialogue: “Coming” to an Agreement
			4.5.2 Ethics of Dialogue
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
		Endnotes
Section II
: Urbanization of the Society
	Chapter 5: Main Findings and Trends of Urbanization
		5.1 MAIN TRENDS
		5.2 URBANIZATION DRIVERS
		5.3 URBANIZATION IMPACTS
		5.4 URBAN PLANNING
		5.5 CONCLUSIONS
		REFERENCES
		Endnote
	Chapter 6: Urban Lifestyles
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Urbanization and Forests from a Historical Perspective
		6.3 Urban Lifestyles and Changing People–Forest Relationships
		6.4 Importance of Urban Forests to Urban Dwellers
		6.5 Urban Forests as Ambivalent Landscapes
		6.6 Overcoming Barriers to Urban Nature Use: The Role of Urban Forestry
		6.7 Conclusion and Perspective
		References
	Chapter 7: Toward a Social Representation of Forests by Western Urbanized Societies
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Social Representation
		7.3 Environmental Concerns
		7.4 Tree Cutting and Forest Removal
		7.5 What about Children and Youths?
			7.5.1 Young People
			7.5.2 Children
		7.6 Appeal of Naturalness
		7.7 Forests, Well-Being, and Identity
		7.8 Sacredness of Forests
		7.9 Conclusion
		References
		Endnotes
	Chapter 8: Human Desertification and Disempowerment of Rural Territories
		8.1 Introduction: Relevance and Role of Rural Societies in Different Development Stages
		8.2 Development and Forecast of Rural Population Globally between 1950 and 20501
		8.3 Rural Population Decline and Forest Cover at National Level: The Spanish Case
			8.3.1 Rural Population Development2
			8.3.2 Forest Cover Development 4
			8.3.3 Analyzing Land Use Changes due to Rural Decline at Operational Level: District Castelló6 of the Region Valencia
		8.4 Increased Challenges for Rural Communities in Urbanized Societies
		8.5 Conclusions: Possible Answers and Further Research
			8.5.1 Comprehensive Midterm Transition Strategies for Rural Areas
		References
		Endnotes
	Chapter 9: Dendroculture
		9.1 INTRODUCTION
		9.2 FORESTS AND SOCIETY
		9.3 DENDROCULTURE
			9.3.1 Forest Art
			9.3.2 Folklore, Culture, and Religion
			9.3.3 Singular Trees
			9.3.4 Phenomenon of Dendroculture in the Context of Environmental Thinking: A New Approach to Trees
			9.3.5 Background in the Enhancement of Remarkable Trees
			9.3.6 Does an Economy of Dendroculture Exist?
			9.3.7 Dendroculture: A Taxonomic Classification System Based on Culture and Nature
				9.3.7.1 Functionality
				9.3.7.2 Ornamentals
				9.3.7.3 Religious
				9.3.7.4 Political
				9.3.7.5 Feeding
				9.3.7.6 Livestock Ranchers
				9.3.7.7 Producers of Farm Tools
				9.3.7.8 Seed-Bearing Trees
				9.3.7.9 Genotopes
				9.3.7.10 Therapeutic
				9.3.7.11 Musical Venue
				9.3.7.12 Pollarding
		9.4 Conclusion
		REFERENCES
	Chapter 10: Communicating to Support the Comprehension of Forest-Related Issues by Nonexpert Audiences
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 The Public Faced with Forest-Related Issues: A Lack of Knowledge
		10.3 Forest Communication Modeled on the Dominant Communication in the Media
		10.4 Assessment of Cognitive Autonomy of Young People Toward Forest Mediatizations
		10.5 Recommendations on How to Communicate on Forests
			10.5.1 Considering Alternatives to Persuasive Forestry Communication
			10.5.2 Documenting the Public’s Representations to Change Them
			10.5.3 Daring the Complexity
			10.5.4 Stating Who Is Speaking Explicitly
			10.5.5 Strengthening Media Education in Society
		10.6 Conclusion: The Challenges of Forest Communication
		References
		Endnote
Section III
: Tertiarization of the Economy
	Chapter 11: Main Findings and Trends of Tertiarization
		11.1 INTRODUCTION
		11.2 CRITIQUES OF THE EARLY Three- Sector Theory (TST) PROGRAM
		11.3 TERTIARIZATION AROUND THE GLOBE
		11.4 TERTIARIZATION IN TIMES OF THE “THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”
		11.5 CONCLUSION
		REFERENCES
		Endnote
	Chapter 12: Increasing Role of Services
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Trends, Drivers, and Multiple Research Interests on Services
			12.2.1 Service Sector, Economic Growth, and International Trade
			12.2.2 Services and Sustainability
			12.2.3 From Services to Systems in Business and Engineering Studies
			12.2.4 Services, Technology, and Innovation
			12.2.5 Technology-Enabled Platforms B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C
		12.3 Forest-Based Sector Research on Services
			12.3.1 Production-Oriented View of Services
			12.3.2 Circular Bioeconomy and Cross-Sectoral Collaboration
			12.3.3 Forest-Based Sector and Forest-Based Services
		12.4 Future Opportunities and Challenges
			12.4.1 Evolving Forest-Based Sector in a Service Economy Context
				12.4.1.1 Pulp Industry: From Pulp Mills to Biorefinery Ecosystems
				12.4.1.2 Wood Products Industry: From Engineered Wood Products to Building Systems
				12.4.1.3 Forestry: From Forest Data to Big Data
			12.4.2 New Perspectives: From Services to Service Systems?
		12.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: Human Health
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Risk Factors and the Global Burden of Disease
		13.3 Forests Contribute to Reducing Risk Factors
			13.3.1 Stress and Stress Reduction: Risk and Health Factors
			13.3.2 Physical Activity: An Important Health Factor
			13.3.3 Social Cohesion Determines Health
		13.4 Forests and the Impact on Diseases and Direct Health Outcomes
			13.4.1 Forests Decrease Mortality
			13.4.2 Forests Reduce the Prevalence of Heart Diseases and Asthma
			13.4.3 Can Forests Reduce Allergy? The Immune System Boost from Nature
			13.4.4 Forests Improve Mental Health and Cognitive Development
			13.4.5 Forests Improve the Conditions for Mothers and Infants
		13.5 Forests as an Intervention Option
		13.6 Forests as Dangerous Places
		13.7 Ecosystem Services from Forests
			13.7.1 Provisioning Ecosystem Services
				13.7.1.1 Food in the Forest
				13.7.1.2 Medicine in the Forest
			13.7.2 Regulating Services from Forests
				13.7.2.1 Air Pollution Reduction
				13.7.2.2 Heat Reduction
				13.7.2.3 Role of Forests in Prevention of and Responses to Natural Hazards and Disasters
					13.7.2.3.1 Tsunamis
					13.7.2.3.2 Flooding
		13.8 Conclusions
		References
		Endnote
	Chapter 14: Framing Investments in Forest Services
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Framing the Forestry Sector
		14.3 Investments in Services Provided by Forests
		14.4 Land Use Planning for Providing Forest Services
		14.5 Continuous Decision-Making Process
		14.6 Conclusion
		References
		Endnotes
	Chapter 15: Motivation of Forest Service Producers
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Tertiarization
			15.1.2 Forest Owners as Services Producers
			15.1.3 Motivations and Behaviors
		15.2 Lines of Evidence on Motivation
			15.2.1 Individual-Centered Evidence
			15.2.2 Conservation Program Evidence
			15.2.3 Difficulty of Measuring the Influence of Motivation
		15.3 Types of Motivations of Service Producers
		15.4 Conclusions on the Design of Forest Policies in the Context of Tertiarization
		References
		Endnotes
Section IV
: Globalization
	Chapter 16: Main Findings and Trends of Globalization
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Main Trends of Globalization
		16.3 Economic Globalization
			16.3.1 Introduction
			16.3.2 Trends
		16.4 Social Globalization
			16.4.1 Introduction
			16.4.2 Trends
		16.5 Political Globalization
			16.5.1 Introduction
			16.5.2 Trends
		16.6 Concluding Remark
		References
		Endnotes
	Chapter 17: Financialization and the Forestry Sector
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Financialization: Transformations of Finance and Their Role in Capitalism
		17.3 Financialization in the Forestry and Agricultural Commodity Sectors
			17.3.1 Financialization in Commodity Markets and Effects on Price, Including Volatility
			17.3.2 Changes in Ownership in US Timberlands
			17.3.3 Changes in Behaviors of Forestry Companies
		17.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Social and Technological Innovations in Forestry
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Innovation and Globalization
			18.2.1 Globalization of Markets, Finance, and Economy
			18.2.2 Globalization of Social and Environmental Problems
			18.2.3 Globalization of Information
		18.3 Technological and Social Innovations: What are they?
			18.3.1 Technological Innovation
			18.3.2 Social Innovation
		18.4 Technological vs. Social Approach: Pros and Cons
		18.5 Possible Interactions between Technological and Social Innovations
		18.6 Conclusions
		References
		Endnotes
	Chapter 19: Globalization and Employment in Forests and Tree Product Value Chains
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Employment in Forests and Agroforestry: Trends and Data Gaps
		19.3 Gender-Differentiated Impacts of Globalization Processes on Employment in Forestry and Tree Value Chains
			19.3.1 Gendered Employment Outcomes of Globalization in Different Production Models
				19.3.1.1 Small- and Medium-Scale Production by Families and Individuals
					19.3.1.1.1 Collecting and Processing Forest Products
					19.3.1.1.2 Employment in Agroforestry, Orchards, and Plantations
				19.3.1.2 Employment in Contract Farming
				19.3.1.3 Cooperatives
			19.3.2 Labor Markets
				19.3.2.1 Wage Labor
				19.3.2.2 Homeworkers14
		19.4 Internationalization of Noneconomic Concerns: Gendered Impacts on Employment and Livelihoods
			19.4.1 REDD+
			19.4.2 Certification
		19.5 Conclusions
		References
		Endnotes
	Chapter 20: Fragmented Forest Policy
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Taking Stock of Fragmentation
		20.3 Fragmented Forest Policy: Asset or Concern?
			20.3.1 Concerns
				20.3.1.1 Venue Multiplicity
				20.3.1.2 Small Venues
				20.3.1.3 Lack of Hierarchy
			20.3.2 Assets
				20.3.2.1 Venue Multiplicity
				20.3.2.2 Small Venues
				20.3.2.3 Lack of Hierarchy
			20.3.3 Wrapping Up
		20.4 Beyond Asset and Concern: Practical Equilibrium and Theoretical Alternative to Fragmentation
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
		Endnote
Section V
: Lessons Learned
	Chapter 21: Conclusions
Index