Forensic Psychology, 3rd Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents
......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 17
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 20
What Is Forensic Psychology?......Page 22
The Applied Side......Page 26
The Academic Side: The Role of Hugo Münsterberg......Page 27
Reaction from the Legal Community......Page 29
Resurgence in the 1970s......Page 30
Conflicts Between Psychology and the Law......Page 32
Laws and Values......Page 33
What Determines "Truth"?......Page 34
The Nature of Reality......Page 37
The Legal System's Criticisms of Psychology......Page 38
Two Illustrative Court Decisions......Page 39
The Future of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law......Page 44
Summary......Page 45
Suggested Readings......Page 46
The Multitude of Forensic Psychology Roles and Activities......Page 47
Specific Roles: Researcher......Page 48
Specific Roles: The Trial Consultant......Page 49
Evaluation and Assessment......Page 51
Expert Witnessing......Page 52
Specific Roles: Presentation of Psychology to Appellate Courts and Legislatures......Page 62
The Temptations of Forensic Psychology......Page 68
Substituting Advocacy for Scientific Objectivity......Page 69
Doing a Cursory Job......Page 70
Suggested Readings......Page 71
3 Psychology and Law Enforcement......Page 73
The Public......Page 74
The Selection of Police......Page 77
Tools for Psychological Selection......Page 78
Activities of a Psychologist in a Police Department......Page 87
The Curriculum of Training Programs......Page 88
Specialized Training......Page 89
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations......Page 94
Community Policing......Page 95
Key Terms......Page 97
Suggested Readings......Page 98
4 Techniques of Criminal Investigation......Page 99
Criminal Profiling and Forensic Psychology......Page 100
Definitions and Recurring Mysteries......Page 102
False Stereotypes and Simplified Assumptions......Page 103
Definitions......Page 104
Three Approaches to Criminal Profiling......Page 105
Crime Scene Analysis and the Generation of Psychological Profiles......Page 109
How Effective Is Criminal Profiling?......Page 112
Are Professional Profilers Better?......Page 113
An Evaluation of Profiling......Page 114
Psychological Autopsies......Page 115
A Specific Case......Page 116
Advocacy: Martin Reiser's Position......Page 118
Hypnosis of Witnesses and Victims......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 120
Guidelines......Page 121
Use of the Polygraph in Interrogation......Page 122
A Psychological Analysis......Page 123
Research Evaluation......Page 124
Criticisms of the Polygraph......Page 125
The Current Legal Status......Page 126
The Role of the Forensic Psychologist......Page 127
Summary......Page 128
Key Terms......Page 129
Suggested Readings......Page 130
Insanity Determination......Page 132
Insanity Versus Psychosis......Page 133
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility......Page 137
Testifying as an Expert Witness......Page 138
Competency to Plead Guilty......Page 143
Competency to Stand Trial......Page 144
Competency of Juveniles......Page 148
Malingering......Page 149
Summary......Page 150
Suggested Readings......Page 151
6 From Dangerousness to Risk Assessment......Page 153
The "First Generation" of Research......Page 154
Movement from Prediction of Dangerousness to Risk Assessment......Page 156
Prediction of Violence......Page 157
Prediction of Sexual Offending......Page 159
Domestic Violence......Page 161
Prediction of Suicide......Page 163
The Debate over the Superiority of Actuarial versus Clinical Prediction......Page 164
Summary......Page 165
Suggested Readings......Page 166
7 "Syndrome" Evidence......Page 168
What Is a Syndrome?......Page 169
Components of the Battered Woman Syndrome......Page 171
Role of the Forensic Psychologist in the Assessment of BWS......Page 172
Battered Women Who Kill......Page 174
Possible Defenses......Page 175
The Use of a Psychologist as an Expert Witness on the Battered Woman Syndrome......Page 178
Reasons for Use of the Expert Witness......Page 179
Admissibility of Expert Testimony on BWS......Page 181
Jurors' Reactions to BWS as a Part of Defense Evidence......Page 182
Criticisms of the Use of the Battered Woman Syndrome and the Battered Woman Defense......Page 183
The Scientific Validity of the Battered Woman Syndrome......Page 184
What Is the Rape Trauma Syndrome?......Page 185
Phase I: Acute Crisis Phase......Page 187
Phase II: Long-Term Reactions......Page 188
The Relationship of RTS to PTSD......Page 189
Assessment......Page 190
Testimony as an Expert Witness......Page 191
Admissibility of Psychological Testimony on RTS......Page 192
The Status of Research on RETS......Page 195
Postpartum Depression......Page 196
Summary......Page 198
Key Terms......Page 199
Suggested Readings......Page 200
The McMartin Preschool Case......Page 201
Roles for Psychologists......Page 202
Testifying as an Expert Witness......Page 203
Interviewing Techniques......Page 204
Using the Criterion-Based Content Analysis Technique Using Anatomically Detailed Dolls......Page 206
Suggestions for Improving Procedures......Page 207
Determining if the Child Is Competent to Testify......Page 210
Children's Rights when Testifying......Page 211
Types of Testimony for the Prosecution......Page 213
Testimony for the Defense......Page 215
Summary......Page 216
Suggested Readings......Page 217
9 Child Custody and Related Decisions......Page 219
Mediator......Page 221
Child Therapist......Page 222
Court-Appointed Evaluator......Page 223
Expert Witness......Page 224
The Judge......Page 225
Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes......Page 226
Custody Determinations in Mixed-Race Cases or in Cases Involving a Parent with a Homosexual Orientation......Page 228
Ethical Issues and Temptations......Page 229
The Technique of Custody Evaluation......Page 230
Ethical Considerations......Page 237
Effects of Type of Custody......Page 238
Summary......Page 240
Suggested Readings......Page 241
How Important Is Eyewitness Testimony in Criminal Cases?......Page 242
How Can Forensic Psychologists Help Police Obtain Useful Information from Eyewitnesses?......Page 243
System Variables Versus Estimator Variables......Page 244
Examples of Problematic Police Procedures......Page 245
Interview Content......Page 248
Failure to Recognize the Dynamics of the Interview......Page 249
Ways to Improve the Accuracy of Information Elicited from Witnesses......Page 250
Use of Lineups and Photo Arrays......Page 251
Common Errors......Page 253
Operational Rules......Page 254
Recent Changes in Statute-of-Limitation Laws in Recovered Memory or Child Sexual Abuse Cases......Page 257
Judges' Decisions on the Admissibility of Expert Testimony......Page 258
Supreme Court Decisions......Page 262
Summary and a Cautionary Evaluation......Page 263
Suggested Readings......Page 264
11 Interrogations and Confessions......Page 266
The Charges......Page 267
Evaluating the Accuracy of Ingram's Confession......Page 268
Three Types of False Confessions......Page 269
How Many Confessions Are False?......Page 272
False Confessions in the Real World......Page 273
False Confessions in the Laboratory......Page 274
The Goals of Interrogations......Page 275
What Can Police Do and What Can't They Do?......Page 277
The Psychological Process of Interrogation and Confession......Page 279
The Police as a Clientele......Page 288
The Courts as a Clientele......Page 291
Society as a Clientele......Page 294
Summary and Conclusions......Page 295
Suggested Readings......Page 296
12 Trial Consultation......Page 298
Possible Pretrial Activities......Page 299
Change-of-Venue Requests in Response to Pretrial Publicity......Page 300
The Litigation Consultant's Activities......Page 301
The Effects of Pretrial Publicity......Page 302
Testifying at a Hearing......Page 303
Witness Preparation......Page 304
What Is Proper and What Is Not......Page 306
Opening Statements......Page 307
Closing Arguments......Page 310
Jury Selection: Psychology and Law in Conflict......Page 311
Two Approaches to Jury Selection......Page 312
Measurement of Juror Bias......Page 313
Criminal Trials......Page 314
Civil Trials......Page 318
Does Scientific Jury Selection Work?......Page 319
Is It Ethical for Psychologists to Aid in Jury Selection?......Page 320
Juror Investigations......Page 321
Use of Supplemental Juror Questionnaires......Page 322
The Problem of Discovery and the Attorney Work Product......Page 323
The Relationship of the Trial Consultant to the Attorney......Page 324
Summary......Page 325
Suggested Readings......Page 326
The Targets of Discrimination......Page 328
What Is Discrimination?......Page 329
Modern Racism......Page 330
Methodology......Page 333
Racial Differences and the Use of Test Results to Assign Students to Special Education Classes......Page 336
The Impact of Affirmative Action Policies......Page 340
The Courts and Affirmative Action......Page 341
Psychological Contributions......Page 344
Employment Discrimination......Page 346
Hate Crimes......Page 347
Suggested Readings......Page 349
Increased Awareness of Sexual Harassment......Page 351
Incidence Rates......Page 352
Highly Publicized Cases......Page 353
Fitzgerald's Typology......Page 354
Two Types of Sexual Harassment......Page 355
The Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. Decision......Page 356
Psychology's Contributions to Understanding and Ameliorating Sexual Harassment......Page 359
Developing Models for Causes of Sexual Harassment and for Attributions of Causality......Page 360
Differences in Reaction Between Female and Male Victims......Page 361
Predicting the Outcome of Complaints or Amount of Damages......Page 362
Restructuring the Workplace......Page 363
Suggested Readings......Page 364
15 Death Penalty Trials and Appeals......Page 366
An Outline of the Process and Possible Roles......Page 368
Is the Role Necessarily That of an Advocate?......Page 373
Estimating the Number of Wrong Convictions......Page 374
Examples of Death Sentences for Innocent People......Page 376
The Case of Randall Dale Adams......Page 377
Trial-Related Reasons for Incorrect Convictions......Page 378
The U.S. Supreme Court's Reaction to Death Penalty Appeals......Page 383
Competency Examinations......Page 385
Evaluating Defense Arguments......Page 390
The Generation of Other Research Findings......Page 392
Summary......Page 394
Suggested Readings......Page 395
16 Influencing Public Policy......Page 397
Testimony by Psychologists......Page 398
History of the Relationship......Page 399
Direct Attempts to Influence the Courts......Page 400
Ballew v. Georgia (1978): Too Little and Too Late?......Page 401
Ways of Classifying APA Briefs......Page 403
What Are the APA's Goals in Submitting Science-Translation Briefs?......Page 404
How Do We Measure Effectiveness?......Page 405
The Relationship of the APA Amicus Briefs to the Supreme Court's Decisions......Page 406
An Example of a Decision Consistent with the APA's Goals but Not Directly Reflecting the APA's Input: Ake v. Oklahoma (1985)......Page 409
An Example of Rejection of the APA Brief: Lockhart v. McCree (1986)......Page 411
The Potency of Deeply Held Values......Page 413
Identifying and Representing Our Goals Accurately......Page 414
Summary......Page 415
Suggested Readings......Page 416
REFERENCES......Page 418
Name Index......Page 467
Subject Index......Page 479