Forensic Dental Evidence, Second Edition: An Investigator's Handbook

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Front matter......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contributing Authors......Page 6
Photo Credits......Page 7
Foreword......Page 9
Preface to \nSecond Edition......Page 11
Preface to First Edition......Page 13
The Logic of Forensic Investigation......Page 14
Categories of Dental Evidence......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Scope of Forensic Dentistry......Page 18
Teaming Law Enforcement Investigators with Forensic Dentistry......Page 19
Educational Objectives......Page 20
Companion website......Page 21
Overview......Page 22
Dental Aging......Page 25
Introduction......Page 26
A Short Biography of Adolf Hitler......Page 27
Hitler\'s Death......Page 28
Remains and X-Rays......Page 30
A. High Degree of Concordance......Page 35
B. Moderate Degree of Concordance......Page 36
Conclusions......Page 37
References......Page 38
Lollia Paulina: The First Record of Forensic Dental Identification......Page 39
Dr. Joseph Warren: The First Forensic Dental Identification in the United States......Page 40
Edinburgh 1814: The First Use of Dental Evidence in a Court Case......Page 41
Tooth Eruption Patterns as an \nAge Determinant......Page 42
Parkman/Webster Murder Trial, Boston \n1850: The First Court Case Largely Built on Dental Evidence......Page 43
The “Bazar de la Charité” Disaster Results in the World’s First Forensic Odontology Text......Page 46
References......Page 48
Who Is a Qualified Forensic Dentist? \nAdvice: Use the Best......Page 50
What Dentists do......Page 51
What to do When “a Skull with Some Teeth” Has Been Discovered......Page 52
The Use of Teeth by Forensic Science......Page 56
Factors that Change the Appearance of Teeth over a Lifetime......Page 57
The Language of Dental Identification......Page 59
Tooth Terms Used to Describe Parts of Teeth......Page 61
Maxillary Central Incisor......Page 62
Mandibular Central Incisor......Page 63
Upper and Lower Bicuspids (Premolars)......Page 65
Molar Teeth......Page 66
Tooth Numbering Systems......Page 67
Case Types that Can Possess Dental Evidence......Page 69
Courtroom Uses of Dental Evidence......Page 70
Scientific Dental Investigations......Page 71
The Most Famous Bitemark Case \nof the 20th Century......Page 72
Woman\'s Identity Confirmed by a \nMissing Tooth......Page 73
Introduction......Page 75
Modern Challenges, Radiography, \nand Fluorescence......Page 77
SEM and SLICE......Page 81
Xrf......Page 82
Incinerated Remains......Page 83
Collection and Analysis......Page 88
References......Page 92
Forensic Dentistry Investigation Protocols......Page 93
Dental Uniqueness......Page 94
Necessity of Dental Identification......Page 95
Method of Dental Identification......Page 96
Antemortem Record Procurement......Page 99
Forensic Dental Case Types......Page 100
Dental Autopsy......Page 103
Terminology for Body Identification (from the ABFO Guidelines, www.abfo.org)......Page 111
Recognition, Documentation, Evidence Collection, and Interpretation of Bitemark Evidence......Page 113
Sequence of Events in a Bitemark Investigation......Page 116
Recognizing a Bitemark......Page 117
Preliminary Bitemark Examination......Page 119
Skin Distortions Affecting Biter Identification......Page 120
Ovoid/Elliptical Patterns......Page 124
Misdiagnosis......Page 125
Cases that Are Likely to Involve Bitemarks......Page 126
Multiple Biting Incidents......Page 127
Variable Appearance of Bitemarks......Page 128
Forensic Identification Value of an Injury Pattern......Page 129
Tooth Class Characteristics......Page 130
Difference Between Human or Animal Bitemarks......Page 131
Recovery of Salivary DNA......Page 132
Objects Bitten: How Certain Is the Dentist About the Biter?......Page 133
Avoiding Bitemark Misdiagnoses......Page 134
What Makes a Bitemark Capable of Identifying \rOne Person?......Page 135
Evidence Collection Protocols......Page 136
Photographs of Potential Bitemark Evidence......Page 138
Photographing Curved Surfaces......Page 139
Dimensional Stability of the Impression Material......Page 140
Tissue Removal and Transillumination......Page 141
Laboratory Analysis of Bitemark Evidence......Page 142
Collection Protocols......Page 143
Comparison of Injury and Suspect \rDental Exemplars......Page 144
References......Page 145
Introduction......Page 147
Identifying an Odontologist......Page 148
Further Evidence Collection......Page 149
Interim Opinion......Page 150
The Process: Evidence Collection from the Bite Suspect(s)......Page 151
The Process: Comparison......Page 153
The Process: Report and Trial......Page 154
References......Page 155
Legal Issues Concerning Bitemark Evidence in the United States......Page 156
The Exclusionary Rule......Page 157
Admissibility of Expert Evidence Based on Relevance and Scientific Reliability......Page 158
Report Concerns About Certain Forensic Disciplines......Page 159
Report Concerns About Bitemark Analysis......Page 160
A Short History of Bitemark Evidence in the U.S. Courts......Page 162
Court Admissibility of Bitemark Opinions......Page 163
Use of Bitemark Evidence in Jurisdictions Using the Frye Standard for Admissibility......Page 164
Use of Bitemark Testimony Under the Federal Rules of Evidence......Page 165
Accuracy of Skin for Bitemarks......Page 167
Scientific Literature on Bitemark Identification......Page 168
Uniqueness of the Human Dentition......Page 169
Future Improvements to Bitemark Identification......Page 170
Erroneous Bitemark Opinions that Were Overturned by DNA......Page 171
References......Page 175
Why DNA?......Page 177
Identification of Deceased......Page 178
Overview......Page 179
DNA Sample Collection from Human Remains for Identification Purposes......Page 180
Reference DNA Sample Collection......Page 181
Human Remains—Personal Effects and Kinship Comparisons......Page 182
DNA Sample Collection from Bitemarks......Page 183
Forensic DNA Analysis and the ACE Principle......Page 184
DNA Extraction Techniques......Page 185
DNA Amplification and Typing Techniques......Page 187
Mitochondrial (mt) DNA Markers......Page 188
Nuclear DNA Markers......Page 189
Autosomal STR Analysis......Page 190
Case Scenario......Page 192
Interpreting DNA Evidence......Page 193
Direct Comparisons......Page 194
Indirect Comparisons......Page 196
Case Study: The Case of the Missing Pilot......Page 198
References......Page 199
The Function of the Dental Enhancements......Page 201
History and Development of the Dental \nFunctions in NCIC......Page 203
Missing and Wanted Persons Dental Records......Page 205
Dental Casts......Page 206
Unidentified Persons Dental Records......Page 207
The NCIC Missing and Unidentified Persons \nFile Data Collection Entry Guides......Page 208
The National Dental Image/Information Repository......Page 211
Comparison Logic......Page 212
The NCIC Dental Crossmatch Report ($.M)......Page 214
Juvenile Runaway Issues......Page 218
Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC) Conversion Issue......Page 219
Other Missing and Unidentified Persons Resources......Page 220
Acknowledgments......Page 221
References......Page 222
Introduction......Page 224
The Disaster Victim Identification Guide......Page 226
The Swiss DVI Organization......Page 232
Disasters......Page 234
On-Site Operations......Page 235
The Back-Office in Berne, Switzerland......Page 236
Negative Aspects......Page 237
Conclusions......Page 238
References......Page 239
Recognizing, Documenting, and Analyzing Physical Evidence in Abuse Cases......Page 241
Child Maltreatment......Page 246
Abuse During Pregnancy......Page 248
Spouse Abuse (Intimate Partner Violence)......Page 249
Elder Abuse and Neglect......Page 251
Conclusion......Page 255
References......Page 256
Introduction......Page 258
Temporary Morgues......Page 260
Processing Human Remains......Page 261
Photography......Page 262
Radiology......Page 263
Antemortem Dental Profiling......Page 264
Communication......Page 265
Data Management......Page 266
Aftermath of a Commercial Airline Accident......Page 267
MFI Recommendations for MedicalExaminers’ Needs......Page 269
Probably Not Identifiable......Page 270
Quality Control......Page 271
Data Management......Page 272
Computer Methods and Software Used in Identifications......Page 273
When to Stop Recovery Efforts......Page 274
International DVI Teams CooperatingDuring an Event......Page 275
Identifying Victims of 9/11......Page 277
Overview......Page 287
Local Incidents......Page 288
Case Study: Operation PhoenixVictoria 2009......Page 290
TIP: Fragile Remains......Page 291
TIP: CT Technology......Page 292
TIP: File Management......Page 293
Regional Assistance......Page 294
Multinational Disasters......Page 296
Case Study: Operation Cawdor—Thailand 2004......Page 297
TIP: The English Language and Standard OperatingProcedures......Page 298
Conclusion......Page 299
References......Page 300
Photography and Forensic Dental Evidence......Page 301
Photographic Duties......Page 302
Dental Identification Cases—Autopsy Pictures......Page 303
Bitemark Photographs: The Requirements forClose-Up Photos......Page 304
Physical Distortion and Bitemarks......Page 305
Uses of Crime Scene Photography......Page 307
Photographs Necessary to Record Items of Dental Evidence......Page 308
Reference......Page 309
The Use of Digital Imaging in Human Identification and Crime Scene Analysis......Page 310
Measuring the Physical Characteristics of Two- and Three-Dimensional Evidence......Page 311
Digital Control of Photographic Distortion Evidence......Page 312
Detection of Photographic Distortion by the \nForensic Examiner......Page 313
Determining Theta......Page 314
Correcting the Photographic Distortion......Page 315
Definitions of Photographic Distortion......Page 316
Simple Overlay......Page 317
Metric Analysis of Bitemark Injuries......Page 318
Step 2: Analyzing the Suspect\'s Dentition......Page 319
Case One......Page 320
Case Two......Page 322
Case Three......Page 323
Checking the Reference Shapes for Angular Photographic Distortion......Page 324
Visual Comparison......Page 325
Case Four......Page 326
References......Page 329
B......Page 330
D......Page 332
F......Page 334
I......Page 335
M......Page 336
O......Page 337
R......Page 338
T......Page 339
X......Page 340