Forensic and Legal Psychology: Canadian Edition: Psychological Science Applied to Law

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
Why We Wrote This Book......Page 21
 Pedagogical Features......Page 22
 Acknowledgements......Page 23
Chapter 1: Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance......Page 25
 The Origins of the Canadian Legal System......Page 26
 A Brief History of Psychology and Law......Page 29
  Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice......Page 33
  Style of Inquiry: Advocacy versus Objectivity......Page 36
  Psychologists as Advisors......Page 38
  Psychologists as Evaluators......Page 39
  Expert Testimony......Page 41
  SCIENCE SPOTLIGHT: Brain Scans Go Legal......Page 44
  Cross-Disciplinary Training......Page 47
  Legal Update: Experts Conferring and “Hot-Tubbing”......Page 48
  Amicus Curiae Briefs......Page 49
  Broad Dissemination of Research Findings......Page 51
  Influencing Legislatures and Public Policy......Page 52
 In Conclusion......Page 53
Chapter 2: Interrogations and Confessions......Page 55
 The Challenge of Police Investigation......Page 56
 The Power of a Confession......Page 57
 The Rights of Suspects and Legal Safeguards to Protecting These Rights......Page 59
  How Well Are the Rights of Suspects Understood?......Page 61
  Determining the Voluntariness of Disclosures......Page 62
 Inside the Modern Interrogation Room......Page 64
  Hot Topic: Mr. Big*: A Controversial Undercover Investigative......Page 66
 The Problem of False Confessions......Page 71
  Types of False Confessions......Page 73
 Should Interrogators Be Allowed to Lie?......Page 74
  Video Recording of Interrogations......Page 76
  The “Appropriate Adult” Safeguard for Vulnerable Suspects......Page 79
  Expert Testimony on Interrogations and Confessions......Page 81
  Alternative Models of Interrogation......Page 82
 In Conclusion......Page 83
 The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception......Page 85
 Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?......Page 86
  The Police and Lie Detection......Page 87
 The Polygraph......Page 91
  The Process of Polygraphing......Page 93
  Weaknesses of Polygraphing Techniques......Page 95
  Research on the Polygraph......Page 97
  Legal Status of the Polygraph......Page 99
 An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique......Page 100
  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)......Page 103
  The Electroencephalogram (EEG)......Page 105
  Hot Topic: Lower Tech Lie Detection: Words and Wizards......Page 106
 Telling Lies from the Eyes......Page 107
 In Conclusion......Page 108
Chapter 4: Criminal Profiling......Page 111
 The Process of Profiling......Page 112
  Three Famous Profiles......Page 114
 Typologies of Serial Offenders......Page 117
 Research on Profiling......Page 121
  Basic Assumptions......Page 123
  The Utility of Inferences......Page 124
  The Dangers of Stereotyping and Discrimination......Page 126
  Current Status on Profiling Techniques......Page 127
  Hot Topic: Profiling Terrorism......Page 128
  Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS)......Page 129
  Geographic Profiling......Page 130
 Legal Status of Profiling......Page 133
 In Conclusion......Page 135
Chapter 5: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony......Page 137
 How Memory Works......Page 139
 Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System......Page 140
  Guidelines for Evaluating Eyewitness Testimony......Page 141
  How the Legal System Attempts to Expose Eyewitness Bias......Page 142
  Cross-Racial Identifications......Page 143
  Stress and Weapon Focus......Page 144
  Leading or Suggestive Comments......Page 146
  Pre-Existing Expectations......Page 147
  Witness Confidence......Page 148
  When the Eyewitness Is a Child......Page 150
 Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy......Page 151
  Guideline 2: Bias-Reducing Instructions to Eyewitnesses......Page 152
  Guideline 3: Unbiased Lineups......Page 153
  Guideline 4: Confidence Ratings......Page 155
  Guideline 6: Sequential Lineups......Page 156
  Guideline 7: Expert Testimony......Page 158
 Techniques for Refreshing the Memories of Witnesses......Page 160
  Hypnosis......Page 161
  Hot Topic: Translating Science into Practice......Page 162
  The Cognitive Interview......Page 164
 In Conclusion......Page 165
Chapter 6: Child Sexual Abuse: Evaluating the Memory of Children and Memories of Abuse......Page 167
 Contextualizing Allegations of Sexual Abuse......Page 168
 The Reported Memories of Young Children......Page 169
  Problematic Interviewing Techniques......Page 170
  Effective Interviewing Techniques......Page 173
 Testimony by Children at Trial......Page 177
  Legal Update: Stereotype Induction......Page 178
  Evaluating Children’s Testimonies......Page 181
  Courtroom Accommodations......Page 182
 Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse......Page 184
  Were the Memories Created or Recovered?......Page 185
  The Ingram Case......Page 187
  Research on Implanting False Memories......Page 188
 In Conclusion......Page 191
 The Jury in Canada......Page 193
  Conflicts between the Jurors’ Sense of Justice and the Law......Page 194
  Out-of-Court Process......Page 197
  In-Court Process......Page 198
 Selecting a Jury......Page 200
  Juror Characteristics and Attitudes as Predictors of Verdict......Page 201
  Defendant–Juror Similarity......Page 202
  Representativeness......Page 204
  Impartiality......Page 205
  Partiality......Page 206
  Pretrial Publicity......Page 207
  Remedies......Page 210
 An Overview of Trial Procedure......Page 212
  Legal Update: Canadian Research on the Challenge for Cause......Page 213
  Hot Topic: Is There Really a CSI Effect?......Page 214
 In Conclusion......Page 215
Chapter 8: Juries and Judges as Decision Makers......Page 217
 Studying Juries......Page 218
 The Jury Decision-Making Process......Page 220
 The Impact of Evidence......Page 221
  Defendant Characteristics......Page 222
  Hot Topic: Connectivity and the Courts......Page 223
  Inadmissible Evidence......Page 224
  Complex Evidence......Page 226
 In-Court Comprehension Aids......Page 227
 Jury Deliberation Dynamics......Page 229
  Strong Jurors and the Power of the Majority......Page 230
  Stages in the Deliberation Process......Page 231
  Size of the Jury......Page 233
  Decision Rules (Unanimous or Majority Rule)......Page 234
  Exhortations to the Jury......Page 235
 Judges Compared to Juries......Page 236
  Agreement Between Juries and Judges......Page 239
 In Conclusion......Page 241
 The Case of Vincent Li......Page 243
 Fitness to Stand Trial (FST)......Page 245
  Canadian Legal Standards......Page 246
  Who Can Assess Fitness?......Page 247
  Hot Topic: Diagnosing Mental Disorders......Page 248
  Who Is Declared Incompetent?......Page 249
 Techniques for Evaluating Fitness to Stand Trial......Page 251
  Competency Restoration and Treatment......Page 253
  The Case of Allan Schoenborn......Page 255
  The Evolution of Insanity Law......Page 257
  Hot Topic: Postpartum Mental Illness......Page 258
  Who Is Declared NCRMD?......Page 261
  Hot Topic: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder......Page 262
 Assessing Mental Disorder and NCRMD......Page 263
  Malingering......Page 264
 Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD......Page 265
 Ultimate Issue Testimony......Page 267
 In Conclusion......Page 268
Chapter 10: Predicting Violent Behaviour: The Psychology of Risk Assessment......Page 271
 Violence Risk Assessment......Page 272
  Methods and Outcomes of Risk Assessment......Page 273
  Base Rates of Violence......Page 275
  Historical Factors......Page 277
  Risk Management Factors......Page 279
 Types of Risk Assessment......Page 280
  Unstructured Clinical Judgment......Page 281
  Actuarial Techniques......Page 282
  Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) Instruments......Page 284
  Hot Topic: Psychopathy and Violence Risk Assessment......Page 285
  Dangerous Offenders (DO)......Page 287
  Long-Term Offenders (LTO)......Page 289
 Management Approaches to Reduce the Risk of Violence......Page 290
  Legal Update: Canada’s National Sex Offender Registry......Page 291
 In Conclusion......Page 294
Chapter 11: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives......Page 297
 Penal Philosophy in Canada......Page 299
 Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions......Page 300
  Sentencing Disparity......Page 304
  Hot Topic: Mandatory Minimum Sentences......Page 305
  Legal Update: Gladue and Aboriginal Sentencing......Page 308
  Legal Update: Accommodations for Aboriginal Offenders......Page 309
  Hot Topic: Canadian Prison Population Trends......Page 310
  Hot Topic: Women in Prison......Page 311
 Public Attitudes toward Sentencing......Page 312
 Types of Prisons......Page 314
  Incarceration Rates in Canada......Page 315
  The Harshness of Prison Life......Page 316
  Gangs and Drugs......Page 317
  Treatment and Rehabilitation......Page 318
 Community-Based Sanctions......Page 319
  Hot Topic: Solitary Confinement and Offenders with Mental Illness......Page 321
 Does Prison Work?......Page 322
 In Conclusion......Page 324
Chapter 12: Intimate Partner Violence......Page 327
 What Is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)?......Page 328
  IPV and Same-Sex Relationships......Page 330
  Hot Topic: The Hidden Violence against Men......Page 331
 Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS)......Page 332
  BWS and the Legal System......Page 335
  Assessing Expert Testimony of BWS......Page 336
  Problems with BWS Testimony......Page 337
  Legal Update: Battered Woman Syndrome and Canadian Law......Page 338
  The Legal Definition of Sexual Assault in Canada......Page 339
  Rape Trauma Syndrome Defined......Page 340
  Recovery from Rape and Sexual Assault......Page 341
  Problems with RTS Testimony......Page 342
  PTSD in the Courtroom......Page 344
  The Use of Expert Testimony......Page 345
 In Conclusion......Page 346
  Child Custody Disputes......Page 349
  Custody Arrangements......Page 350
  Weaknesses of the BICS......Page 352
  Hot Topic: Parental Alienation Syndrome......Page 353
 Research on Children’s Responses to Divorce......Page 354
  Negative Outcomes......Page 355
  Positive Outcomes......Page 356
 The Psychologist’s Contribution to Custody Decisions......Page 357
  Psychological Tests......Page 359
  Judges’ Views of Experts......Page 360
 Custody Mediation......Page 361
  Bona Fide Occupational Requirements and the Duty to Accommodate......Page 363
 Sexual Harassment......Page 365
  The Evolution of Sexual Discrimination Law in Canada......Page 366
  Prevalence and Perceptions......Page 368
  The Legal Boundaries of Sexual Harassment......Page 369
  Some Causes......Page 370
  Some Effects......Page 371
  Prevention......Page 372
 Racial Discrimination in the Workplace......Page 373
  The Role of the Forensic Psychologist in Workplace Discrimination Cases......Page 375
 In Conclusion......Page 376
Glossary......Page 379
References......Page 391
Name Index......Page 427
Subject Index......Page 437
BackCover......Page 458