Foreign bodies : Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940

Foreign Bodies......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Editors' Biographies......Page 15
Contributors......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Introduction......Page 21
Foreign Bodies in Oceania......Page 23
Strategies......Page 24
Naming spaces......Page 25
Classifying people......Page 28
Oceania......Page 32
Foreign bodies......Page 33
The chapters......Page 34
References......Page 37
Part One – Emergence: Thinking the Science of Race, 1750-1880......Page 51
Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human difference......Page 53
Slippery word......Page 54
Changing connotations......Page 55
New imperatives: taxonomy and biology......Page 57
Original unity and the paradox of human differences......Page 64
Intimating polygeny......Page 67
Origins, races, species......Page 69
The triumph of racial difference......Page 73
Defining a species......Page 78
Confronting hybrids......Page 80
Darwinian synthesis......Page 84
Broca and the degrees of hybridity......Page 86
Topinard's synthesis......Page 88
Residual monogeny and the spectre of extinction......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 92
References......Page 93
Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869......Page 117
'Novus Orbis Australis': Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850......Page 119
Buffon and Dampier — 'great variety of Savages'......Page 120
Brosses and the Forsters — 'two great varieties'......Page 122
Blumenbach — 'this remarkable variety'......Page 126
Collecting races......Page 129
Towards autochthony......Page 134
Naval naturalists and racial taxonomy in Oceania......Page 136
Morality, science, and the lure of polygeny......Page 145
Prichard — 'one original'; 'three principal groupes'......Page 151
Conclusion......Page 153
References......Page 155
'Oceanic Negroes': British anthropology of Papuans, 1820-1869......Page 177
'Papuanesia'......Page 181
John Crawfurd — 'two separate races'......Page 187
George Windsor Earl — 'a single glance is sufficient'......Page 192
Alfred Russel Wallace — 'Had I been blind …'......Page 194
The priority of presence......Page 197
The cardinality of comparison......Page 198
Topography of purity: admixture, commixture, intermixture......Page 200
On coming out strong......Page 205
References......Page 207
Part Three – Consolidation: the Science of Race and Aboriginal Australians, 1860-1885......Page 223
British Anthropological Thought in Colonial Practice: the appropriation of Indigenous Australian bodies, 1860-1880......Page 225
The ubiquity of race......Page 227
The lure of Aboriginal bodies — the Darwinians......Page 232
Metropolitan ideas and the colonial 'field'......Page 237
The lure of Aboriginal bodies — the polygenists......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 243
References......Page 244
Aboriginal Australians in 19th-century French anthropology......Page 249
Cunningham's troupe and Topinard's 'presentation'......Page 251
'Arguments about Aborigines'......Page 255
Broca and human hybridity......Page 256
Topinard and Aboriginal Australians......Page 257
Topinard and the two races theory......Page 260
Hamy and the push for ethnography......Page 263
Houzé and polygeny......Page 264
Jacques and the cultural perspective......Page 266
Conclusion......Page 268
References......Page 269
Part Four – Complicity and Challenge: the Science of Race and Evangelical Humanism, 1800-1930......Page 277
Heathens and the capacity for religious thought......Page 279
Indigenous Gentiles: human unity and missions......Page 283
'The faculty of faith': evidence and theories......Page 287
George Brown, Frazer, and the origins of totemism......Page 292
Conclusion......Page 295
References......Page 296
'White Man's Burden', 'White Man's Privilege': Christian humanism and racial determinism in Oceania, 1890-1930......Page 303
Armchair anthropology and missionary ethnography......Page 304
The naturalness of race and the challenge of experience......Page 306
Internationalism and its enemies......Page 308
The 'sacred trust of civilization' in New Guinea......Page 312
Christianity and the race problem......Page 316
References......Page 318
Part Five – Zenith: Colonial Contradictions and the Chimera of Racial Purity, 1920-1940......Page 325
The Half-Caste in Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa between the Wars: different problem, different places?......Page 327
The 'half-caste problem' between the wars......Page 328
Differing evaluations of miscegenation......Page 329
The 'half-caste problem' in Australia......Page 334
Half-castes in New Zealand: not a problem?......Page 336
The menace of the half-caste in Western Samoa and Fiji......Page 338
The significance of place......Page 342
Postcolonial fortunes......Page 344
References......Page 346
Epilogue......Page 357
The Cultivation of Difference in Oceania......Page 359