Food Identity Preservation and Traceability: Safer Grains

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: Food Identity Preservation and Traceability: Safer Grains......Page 3
ISBN 9781439804865......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 27
List of Tables......Page 28
Preface......Page 30
DISCLAIMER......Page 32
Acknowledgments......Page 33
Author......Page 34
List of Abbreviations......Page 35
Section I: General Introduction......Page 37
INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, AND THEORY; DESIGN; AND COMPONENTS OF IDENTITY PRESERVATION AND TRACEABLILITY......Page 38
1.2 IPT SYSTEM......Page 39
1.4 THE SECOND PART OF IPT IS TRACEABILITY......Page 41
1.5 AN IMPORTANT NOTE......Page 42
1.6 WHY IPT CAME INTO EXISTENCE......Page 43
1.8 TRACEABILITY BENEFITS FOR BUSINESS......Page 45
1.9 WHAT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN RESPONSE TO FOOD CRISES—WHAT IS OUT THERE?......Page 46
1.10 STANDARDS—REACTIONS TO FOOD SAFETY CRISES......Page 47
1.10.1 EU PERSPECTIVE......Page 48
1.10.1.1 Traceability along the Full Supply Chain......Page 49
1.10.2 U.S. PERSPECTIVE......Page 50
1.10.2.1 U.S. Industry Efforts to Encourage Differentiation......Page 52
1.11.1 IP-T......Page 53
1.11.2 IP-T SEGREGATION......Page 54
1.11.2.1 Important Issue: Internal versus External Traceability......Page 55
1.11.2.2 Internal Tracking (In-House, Processor)......Page 56
1.11.3 IP-T SYSTEMS......Page 57
1.11.4 WHAT DOES AN IPT CHAIN DO?......Page 58
1.11.4.1 Third Parties: Options to Enhance IPT......Page 59
1.11.5 TRACEABILITY......Page 60
1.11.5.2 Combining Forward-Tracking Systems with Back-Tracing Systems—IPT......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
2.2 THE EU AND THE UNITED STATES......Page 65
2.3.1 UNITED STATES......Page 68
2.3.3 GREEN REVOLUTION......Page 71
2.3.4 GENE REVOLUTION......Page 72
2.3.5 GM CONTROVERSY......Page 73
2.3.6 EU—IDENTITY PRESERVATION AND TRACEABILITY INITIATIVES AND THEIR BASIS......Page 76
2.3.8 IPT......Page 77
2.4 NEW SAFETY CONCERNS ON THE HORIZON—HOW WILL IPT MEET THESE CHALLENGES?......Page 79
2.5 RESULTS OF IPT—IMPROVED FOOD SAFETY AND CONSUMER CONFIDENCE......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 81
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 83
3.2 THEORY—WHAT IS ASSUMED WITH IPT?......Page 84
3.3 SO WHERE DO YOU START WHEN PUTTING TOGETHER AN IPT PROGRAM?......Page 85
3.4.2 IPT—DIFFERENT FROM OTHER TYPES OF PROGRAMS AND SYSTEMS......Page 86
3.4.2.1 Knowledge of Company or Understanding One’s Company......Page 87
3.4.2.2.1 Establishing Program Objectives......Page 88
3.4.2.3.1 For Example—For Leadership......Page 89
3.4.2.4 Levels of Tolerance(s) for Output Traits or Credence Attributes......Page 90
3.4.2.4.1 IP Programs (Not Including Traceability)......Page 91
3.4.2.5.2 IPT Requirement Procedures......Page 92
3.4.2.5.3 Summary of Benefits......Page 93
3.4.2.6.1 Certification......Page 94
3.4.2.7.1 Channeling Failure......Page 95
3.4.2.8.1 Compulsory......Page 96
3.4.3 BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER......Page 97
3.5 COMPONENTS......Page 98
3.5.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS IN THE AGRI-BUSINESS FOOD CHAIN......Page 99
3.5.4 ANCILLARY SUPPORT......Page 100
3.6.1 LABORATORY METHODS......Page 101
3.6.1.2 Isozymes......Page 102
3.6.2.1 ELISA......Page 103
3.6.3.1 Sampling the Lot (Barge, Railcar, Truck, etc.)......Page 104
3.6.3.5 GIPSA’s Grain IP Protocols......Page 105
3.7 BATCH PROCESSING......Page 106
3.7.2 AN INDUSTRIAL ISSUE: EXAMPLE—THE SAUSAGE INDUSTRY......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
Section II: Programs and Standards......Page 111
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 113
4.2.2 QA......Page 114
4.2.3 IP......Page 115
4.2.2.1 Seed Classes......Page 116
4.3 IOWA CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION......Page 117
4.4 MINNESOTA CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION......Page 118
4.4.1 IP GRAIN CERTIFICATION PROGRAM......Page 119
4.4.2 MCIA ORGANIC CERTIFICATION SERVICES......Page 120
4.4.4 MCIA IP GRAIN CERTIFICATION FEE SCHEDULE AND ORGANIC FEE SCHEDULE......Page 121
4.5.1 IP PROGRAMS......Page 122
4.5.2.2 QA Program......Page 123
4.5.2.3.3 Laboratory Services......Page 124
4.6 CANADIAN SEED INSTITUTE AND CANADIAN SEED INSTITUTE CENTRE FOR SYSTEMS INTEGRATION......Page 126
4.6.1 PROGRAMS AND ACCREDITATION......Page 128
4.6.6 CSI QUALITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENTS AND ISO CLIENT COMPLIANCE......Page 129
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 131
5.2 TRACEFISH......Page 132
5.2.1 HISTORY—TRACEABILITY IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY......Page 133
5.2.2 TRACEFISH—HOW IT WORKS......Page 134
5.2.4 KEY NOTION WITH TRACEFISH AND OTHER TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS......Page 136
5.2.6 CHALLENGES OF AQUACULTURE......Page 137
5.3.1 PIONEER HISTORY......Page 138
5.4 CLARKSON GRAIN COMPANY, INC.......Page 141
5.4.1 CG SUPPLY CONTRACTS......Page 143
5.5.1 NORTHLAND SEED & GRAIN CORPORATION......Page 144
5.5.2 NORTHLAND ORGANIC FOODS......Page 145
5.5.2.1 Example: Soybeans (Non-GMO)......Page 146
5.5.3 PACIFICA RESEARCH......Page 147
5.6.1 EXAMPLE OF LOWERING POTATO CARBOHYDRATES......Page 148
5.7 ALPRO SOYA......Page 149
5.8.1 INNOVASURE CORN SEED SELECTION......Page 151
5.8.4 INNOVASURE DISTRIBUTION......Page 152
5.9 GEAPS AND PURDUE DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAM......Page 153
5.9.1 GEAPS AND PURDUE DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAM......Page 154
5.10 JOHN DEERE—FOODORIGINS......Page 155
5.10.5 FOODORIGINS MARKET RESULTS......Page 157
5.11 AGMOTION INTERNATIONAL TRADING COMPANY......Page 158
5.11.2 GRAIN ORIGINATION......Page 159
5.12 NATIONAL STARCH—TRUETRACE......Page 160
5.13 AIB INTERNATIONAL......Page 161
5.13.2 AIB PROGRAM......Page 162
5.13.4 AGRICULTURAL CROP STANDARDS......Page 163
5.13.8 RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL SERVICES......Page 164
5.13.9 ANALYTICAL SERVICES......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
6.2 FDA STANDARDS......Page 167
6.2.2 PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE ACT......Page 168
6.2.4.2 Foods Subject to FDA’s Jurisdiction......Page 169
6.2.4.4 Facilities Exempted from the Rule......Page 170
6.2.4.5 Electronic Registration......Page 171
6.2.5.2 Information That Must Be Included in Records......Page 172
6.2.5.4 Excluded from the Requirement to Establish and Maintain Records but Not the Record Availability Requirements for Existing Records......Page 173
6.3.1.2 Agricultural Research Service......Page 174
6.4 USDA GIPSA......Page 175
6.4.3 HOW IPT WORKS FOR GRAIN, RICE, AND LEGUMES......Page 176
6.4.4.1 Types of Official Certificates......Page 177
6.5.2 COST......Page 178
6.5.4 VERIFICATION SERVICE (DIRECTIVE 9180.79 AS OF JANUARY 31, 2006)......Page 179
6.5.4.3.1 Audit Reports......Page 180
6.5.4.3.2 Approval......Page 181
6.6 USDA NOP......Page 182
6.6.2 HOW NOP WORKS......Page 183
6.6.3.4 Exempt and Excluded Operations......Page 184
6.6.3.4.1 Exempt Operations......Page 185
6.6.4 HOW FARMERS AND HANDLERS BECOME CERTIFIED......Page 186
6.6.7 AN ORGANIC SYSTEM PLAN CONTAINS SIX COMPONENTS......Page 187
6.6.8.2 Organic Philosophical Challenge......Page 189
6.8 CANADIAN GRAIN COMMISSION......Page 190
6.8.3.1 System Development Format......Page 192
6.8.3.2 Distribution Points for Canadian Grain......Page 193
6.8.3.5 Crop-Specific Standards......Page 194
6.8.3.6 Certificate Assures Quality......Page 195
6.8.3.8 Publications for Certification......Page 197
6.8.3.9 Publications for Accreditation......Page 198
6.9 CANADIAN SOYBEAN EXPORT ASSOCIATION......Page 200
6.9.3 CSEA-APPROVED IP PROCEDURES......Page 201
6.10 CAN-TRACE......Page 202
6.10.2 CAN-TRACE TECHNOLOGY GUIDELINES......Page 211
6.10.3 CFTDS VERSION 2.0......Page 212
6.10.3.3 Important Definitions......Page 214
6.10.3.4 Basic Elements of Traceability......Page 216
6.11.1 INTERPLAY BETWEEN REGULATION (EC) NO. 1829/2003 & (EC) NO. 1830/2003......Page 217
6.12 EUROPEAN UNION STANDARDS......Page 218
6.12.1.1 Integration Means Common Policies......Page 219
6.12.2.3 A New Departure: The White Paper on Food Safety......Page 220
6.12.3.1 Summary of Why This Was Done......Page 221
6.12.4 GENERAL FOOD LAW—TRACEABILITY REGULATION EC/178/2002......Page 222
6.12.4.2 Risk Analysis......Page 223
6.12.4.4 General Food Law—Precautionary Principle......Page 224
6.12.4.8 Important Legislation for GM Food and Feed, and Traceability and Labeling of GMOs (and Their Products)......Page 225
6.12.5.1 Principles of Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003......Page 226
6.12.6 SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS FOR REGULATION (EC) NO. 1830/2003......Page 227
6.12.6.1 Labeling and Traceability......Page 229
6.12.6.2 Exemption from the Traceability and Labeling Requirements......Page 231
6.12.7.1 Origin Labeling......Page 232
6.12.7.2 Animal Welfare Labeling......Page 233
6.13 EUREPGAP......Page 234
6.13.1 GOALS OF EUREPGAP......Page 236
6.13.3 EUREPGAP IFA......Page 237
6.13.4.3 Objectives......Page 238
6.13.4.6 Options and Verification for EurepGAP Certification......Page 239
6.14 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS......Page 240
6.15 OTHER INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED SYSTEMS......Page 241
6.15.1 HOW CERTIFICATION IS OBTAINED......Page 242
6.16 CODEX AND FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS......Page 245
6.16.2.2 Trade Concerns......Page 246
6.16.2.5 Desire for Leadership......Page 247
6.16.3.1 Near Present Day......Page 248
6.16.4 HOW IT WORKS—STANDARDS, CODES OF PRACTICE, GUIDELINES, AND OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 249
6.16.6 COMMODITY STANDARDS......Page 251
6.17 ISO AND ISO 22000......Page 252
6.17.2 HISTORY OF ISO......Page 253
6.17.3 WHY AND HOW ISO 22000:200X FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT STANDARD WAS DEVELOPED......Page 254
6.18 HACCP STANDARDS, HACCP WEB.COM, AND HACCP TRAINING PROVIDERS......Page 255
6.18.1 HACCP HISTORY—STANDARDS......Page 256
6.18.1.1 How HACCP Was Created......Page 257
6.18.2 THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF HACCP......Page 259
6.18.2.4 Principle #4—Monitor the CCPs......Page 260
6.18.3 HACCPWEB.COM......Page 261
6.19 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIC STANDARDS......Page 262
6.20.1 BIODYNAMIC AGRICULTURE......Page 263
6.21.2 WHAT IS ORGANIC AGRICULTURE?......Page 264
6.21.3.1 U.S. Statistics......Page 265
6.21.3.3 Organic Certification—Legalities and Logistics......Page 266
6.21.3.6 Premium Prices Realized by Organic Farmers through IPT Practices......Page 267
6.22 IFOAM AND IOAS......Page 268
6.23 OCIA INTERNATIONAL......Page 271
6.23.2 STEPS TO OCIA CERTIFICATION......Page 272
6.23.4 OCIA RESEARCH AND EDUCATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES......Page 275
6.24 INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL AND RELIGIOUS STANDARDS......Page 276
6.24.1.1.1 Freshcare......Page 277
6.24.1.2.1 BRC Global Food Standard......Page 278
6.24.1.2.3 ARVALIS......Page 279
6.24.1.2.8 Groene Hoed, or Green Hat......Page 280
6.24.2 OTHER PRIVATE SECTOR TRACEABILITY PROGRAMS......Page 281
6.25 SQF INSTITUTE (A DIVISION OF THE FOOD MARKETING INSTITUTE)......Page 282
6.25.1.1 E. coli Incident......Page 283
6.25.3 SQF PROGRAM......Page 284
6.25.5 BENEFITS OF SQF......Page 285
6.25.8 SQF CERTIFICATION......Page 286
6.25.9 SQF 1000 QUALITY CODE......Page 287
6.25.10 SQF 2000 QUALITY CODE......Page 288
6.26.1 RECENT EVENTS OF JAS IMPORTANCE......Page 290
6.26.2 JAS ORGANIC FOODS......Page 291
6.27.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR USE OF THE TERM “HALAL”......Page 292
6.27.3 HALAL SLAUGHTERING......Page 293
6.28 KOSHER STANDARD......Page 294
6.28.2 KASHRUT CERTIFICATION......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
Section III: Auditors and Laboratories......Page 299
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 301
7.2 CALISO CONSULTING, LLC......Page 303
7.2.3 SAMPLE OF CONSULTING FOR ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 13485, ISO 16949, AND GMP CERTIFICATION......Page 304
7.2.4 EXAMPLE OF TRAINING OFFERED: ONLINE HACCP TRAINING FOR MEAT AND POULTRY......Page 305
7.3 TÜV AMERICA, INC.......Page 306
7.3.1 ABOUT TÜV AMERICA, INC. MANAGEMENT SERVICE DIVISION ACCREDITATIONS......Page 307
7.4.1 IDENTITY PRESERVATION PROGRAMME AND TRACEABILITY GRAIN......Page 308
7.4.3.1 Example: SGS and Orthodox Union Kosher Food Safety Program......Page 309
7.5 BRS LTD.......Page 310
7.5.1 CERTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS: AUDITOR AND ASSESSORS/TECHNICAL EXPERTS......Page 311
7.6.1 ACCREDITATION BODIES THAT CERTIFY QMI......Page 312
7.6.3 KEY COMPONENTS......Page 313
7.6.6 QMI Accredited Services......Page 314
7.7 FOODTRUST CERTIFICATION......Page 315
7.7.2 SECOND- AND THIRD-PARTY AUDITS......Page 316
7.8 BSI AMERICAS AND BSI GLOBAL......Page 317
7.8.1 BSI FOOD SAFETY OVERVIEW......Page 318
7.8.2.1 BSI Management Systems ISO 22000 Certification......Page 319
7.9 CERT ID LC......Page 320
7.9.1 CERTIFICATION PROCESS—EXAMPLE......Page 321
7.9.2 CERTIFICATION METHODS AND TOOLS......Page 322
7.9.3.3 Costs to Implement Cert ID Non-GMO Certification......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 325
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 327
8.2.1 GENERAL......Page 328
8.2.2 SHOULD FOOD PRODUCT LABELS SPECIFY THAT INGREDIENTS WERE DERIVED FROM GM CROPS?......Page 329
8.2.3 HOW ANALYTICAL METHODS ARE DETERMINED......Page 330
8.3 TECHNIQUES FOR TRACKING GM CROPS FROM SEED TO SUPERMARKET......Page 331
8.4 LABORATORY METHODS OF DETERMINING GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS OF FOOD......Page 333
8.5 BIOGENETICS SERVICES, INC.......Page 335
8.5.1 PLANT PROTEIN AND DNA TESTS......Page 336
8.6.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION GUIDELINES......Page 337
8.6.3 SEED HEALTH FOR SOYBEANS......Page 338
8.7 CANADIAN GRAIN COMMISSION LABORATORY......Page 339
8.7.2.1 Variety Identification Research......Page 340
8.7.3 METHODS AND STANDARDS......Page 342
8.8 GENETIC ID, INC.......Page 343
8.8.1 GENETIC ID PRODUCTS AND SERVICES......Page 344
8.8.2 GMO DETECTING......Page 345
8.9 CII LABORATORY SERVICES......Page 346
8.9.1 EXAMPLE OF SERVICES PRICING......Page 347
8.10 ENVIROLOGIX, INC.......Page 348
8.10.5 ALGAL TOXIN TEST KITS......Page 349
8.11 EUROFINS GENESCAN, INC.......Page 351
8.11.3 EUROFINS GENESCAN’S TRAC (TRACING RESIDUES AND CONTAMINANTS)......Page 352
8.11.5.1 Eurofins GeneScan’s International Food Standard Certification......Page 353
8.12 MID-WEST SEED SERVICES, INC.......Page 354
8.12.3 AP TESTING SERVICES......Page 355
8.13 NEOGEN CORPORATION......Page 356
8.14 PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL, LTD.......Page 358
8.15 STRATEGIC DIAGNOSTICS, INC.......Page 359
8.15.1 EXAMPLE OF SDI FEED ASSURANCE: FEEDCHEK......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
Section IV: Consultative and Service Contributors......Page 363
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 365
9.2.1 SUMMARY......Page 366
9.3 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, INC.......Page 369
9.3.2 NGP PROPOSES A GENERIC FOOD TRACKING SYSTEM......Page 371
9.4 ATTRA—NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION SERVICE......Page 373
9.4.1 ATTRA’S VIEW OF IPT AND GMOS......Page 375
9.4.3 REGULATION OF TRANSGENIC CROPS......Page 377
9.5 AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOCIATION (ASA)......Page 378
9.7.1 VISION......Page 379
9.7.4 LABELING GM FOODS......Page 380
9.7.5 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS FOR HARMONIZATION......Page 383
9.7.6 UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (UN FAO/WHO) CODEX ALIMENTARIUS......Page 384
9.7.8 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)......Page 385
9.7.9 EU REGULATIONS......Page 386
9.7.10 JAPAN REGULATIONS......Page 387
9.8 INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (IAMA)......Page 388
9.8.1 ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEES......Page 390
9.9.1 FSA STRATEGIC AIMS......Page 391
9.9.2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS......Page 392
9.9.3 FSA—GM FOOD AND FEED, AND TRACEABILITY AND LABELING OF GMOS......Page 393
9.9.4.1 Introduction to Traceability (From FSA Traceability Guidelines—Annex A)......Page 394
9.9.4.3 FSA—Labeling Information......Page 395
9.9.4.5 Identification......Page 396
9.9.4.7 Key Steps in the Manufacturing Process......Page 397
9.10.1 MISSION......Page 398
REFERENCES......Page 399
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 401
10.2 IDENTITYPRESERVED.COM......Page 402
10.3 LINNET: CROPLANDS—THE SYSTEM (CTS)......Page 405
10.4.1 FIELD OPERATIONS DATA MODEL (FODM USED FOR IPT)......Page 406
10.4.2 DESCRIBING THE FIELD OPERATION DATA MODEL......Page 407
10.5 PATHTRACER......Page 409
10.6 VERTICAL SOFTWARE, INC.......Page 410
10.7.1 AGVISION COMMODITY MANAGER FOR GRAIN, SEED, AND TREE NUTS......Page 411
10.8 CSB-SYSTEM......Page 412
10.9 AMERICANERP, LLC (ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING)......Page 413
10.11 GS1 AND EAN.UCC......Page 415
10.11.1 GS1 GLOBAL TRACEABILITY STANDARD......Page 417
10.11.2.2 Basics of GS1 Traceability Standard......Page 419
10.11.2.4 Main Factors of Traceability......Page 420
REFERENCES......Page 421
11.2 FOODTRACE......Page 423
11.2.2 PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES......Page 425
11.2.4 MAIN PLAYERS IN THE FOODTRACE TRACEABILITY CHAIN......Page 426
11.3 TRACE (TRACING FOOD COMMODITIES IN EUROPE)......Page 427
11.3.1 TRACE HIGHLIGHTS......Page 428
11.3.2 ANALYTICAL LAB FOR FOOD AUTHENTICITY......Page 430
11.4 CO-EXTRA (CO-EXISTENCE AND TRACEABILITY)......Page 431
11.4.1 COEXISTENCE ASPECT......Page 432
11.4.3 CURRENT CO-EXTRA INNOVATIONS......Page 433
11.4.4.4 WP7......Page 434
11.5 VALUE ENHANCED GRAINS (VEG) SOLUTIONS WEBSITE......Page 435
11.5.1 EXAMPLE: TRAITS......Page 436
11.6 CRITEREON COMPANY, LLC (AUDITORS AND TRAINING)......Page 437
11.6.2 COUNTRY-OF-ORIGIN LABELING......Page 438
11.6.3 QUALITY SYSTEMS DESIGN AND PROGRAM ACCREDITATION......Page 439
11.7 NOVECTA, LLC (FACILITATOR AND TRAINING)......Page 440
11.7.1 OBJECTIVES OF NOVECTA’S IDENTITY PRESERVATION SYSTEM......Page 441
11.8.2 TRACEABILITY LAWS......Page 442
11.8.4 THE 2006 NON-GMO SOURCEBOOK (EXCERPTS)......Page 443
11.8.6 THE NON-GMO REPORT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GMO TESTING......Page 444
11.9 FOOD CONSULTING COMPANY......Page 445
12.2.1 SHORT HISTORY OF FOOD RECALL INSURANCE......Page 449
12.3 PRODUCT RECALL: DISASTERS WAITING TO HAPPEN......Page 451
12.3.1 GARIBALDI SMALLGOODS CASE STUDY......Page 452
12.4.1 PURPOSE OF A RECALL......Page 453
12.4.4 RECALL OVERVIEW......Page 454
12.5 FOODTRACK, INC. AND FOODTRACK INCIDENT REPORT......Page 456
12.5.2 SURVEILLANCE: ELECTRONIC REAL-TIME MONITORING AND DATA FILTERING......Page 457
12.6 AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND FOOD AUTHORITY (ANZFA) FOOD INDUSTRY RECALL PROTOCOL......Page 458
12.6.2 MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS AND CONTACT DETAILS FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS......Page 459
12.6.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALERS, AND IMPORTERS......Page 460
12.7.1.2 Industrialization......Page 461
12.7.2 SAMPLE: BIOTERRORISM SUBSECTIONS......Page 462
12.7.3.1.1 ISO 22000 Food Safety Management Standard......Page 463
12.8.1 PRODUCT RECALL: INDUSTRY INFORMATION......Page 464
12.8.3 TARGETED CLASSES......Page 465
12.8.5 CLASSES OF CPI BUSINESS......Page 466
12.9.1.1 Insurance Program for International Seed Federation (ISF) Members......Page 467
12.9.2.1 Key Features......Page 468
REFERENCES......Page 469
Section V: Section Research Instruments......Page 471
13.1 GOAL AND STRUCTURE OF THE SCORECARD MATRIX......Page 473
13.2 SCORECARD MATRIX MODEL......Page 474
13.3 SCORECARD MATRIX SPREADSHEET......Page 476
REFERENCES......Page 479
14.1 GOALS AND STRUCTURE OF THE SPREADSHEET......Page 481
14.1.1 LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS......Page 482
14.2.1 MODEL......Page 484
14.3 PURITY LEVEL TO IP COST/BUSHEL ILLUSTRATION AND RESULTS......Page 485
15.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 487
15.2 QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 488
15.3 INTERPRETATION OF DATA......Page 491
15.4 STANDARD/IDENTITY-PRESERVED COMPARISON DATA—BY CATEGORY......Page 492
15.5 SUMMATION OF STANDARD/IP COMPARISON DATA......Page 493
15.6.1 CRITICAL PLANTING AND HARVESTING PERIOD’S DATA......Page 494
15.7 SUMMATION OF CRITICAL PLANTING AND HARVESTING PERIOD’S DATA......Page 495
15.8 MINI-CASE STUDIES......Page 496
15.10 NARRATIVES FROM PARTICIPANTS......Page 498
16.1.2 THE “STATE OF THE SCIENCE”......Page 501
16.2 GENERAL......Page 502
16.3 IPT THEORY, DESIGN, AND COMPONENTS......Page 503
16.4.1 INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMS......Page 505
16.4.2 STANDARDS—UNITED STATES......Page 507
16.4.3 STANDARDS—EU......Page 508
16.4.4 STANDARDS—OTHER......Page 509
16.5.1 AUDITORS......Page 510
16.5.2 AUDITING LABORATORIES......Page 511
16.6 CONSULTATIVE AND SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS......Page 512
16.6.1 SOFTWARE PROVIDERS......Page 514
16.6.3.1 General Food Recalls......Page 515
16.6.3.2 Resource Protocols......Page 516
16.6.3.3 Product/Recall Insurance......Page 517
16.7 IPT MEASURING AND QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS......Page 518
16.7.2 SPREADSHEET......Page 519
16.7.3 QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 520
16.8 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY OF INTERPRETATION......Page 521
Conclusion......Page 523
A.2 PROCESSING STAGE FEATURES......Page 527
A.4 RETAIL STAGE......Page 528
B.1 EXAMPLE OF A FARM IDENTITY PRESERVATION AND TRACEABILITY PROGRAM AND ITS COMPONENTS (GENERAL)......Page 531
B.1.3 FIELD ISOLATION......Page 533
B.1.5 SAMPLING AND TESTING......Page 534
B.2 OUTLINE OF IDENTITY PRESERVATION PROCEDURES......Page 535
B.3 EXAMPLE OF AN ON-FARM IPT PROGRAM CHECKLIST......Page 541
Appendix C: Official U.S. and Canadian Foundation Seed Agencies......Page 545
Appendix D: GLOBALGAP (EurepGAP) Accreditation Bodies......Page 551
Appendix E: HACCP Training Providers......Page 555
Appendix F: IFOAM-Accredited Certification Bodies......Page 559
Appendix G: SQF Certification Bodies......Page 571
Appendix H: International Seed Federation......Page 573
I.1 COMMONLY USED DATA CARRIERS FOR GS1 TRACEABILITY......Page 579
I.2 GS1 METHODOLOGY OF NUMBERING AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS......Page 580
I.4 UNIVERSAL DATA CAPTURE PROTOCOL......Page 581
Appendix J: U.S. Grains Council Office Locations......Page 583
Appendix K: Examples of Novecta Corn Value-Enhanced Grains......Page 585
Appendix L: National Laws for Labeling Genetically Modified Foods......Page 587
REFERENCES......Page 589
Appendix M: Why Product Insurance Is Needed and What Is Offered......Page 591
Appendix N: Sudan 1......Page 593
Appendix O: OurFood.com Database......Page 595
Appendix P: Cost-Benefit Spreadsheet–Complete......Page 597
Appendix Q: Questionnaire Spreadsheet Data......Page 607
Related Products, Services, and Organizations......Page 609
TERMS......Page 623
GLOSSARY SOURCES......Page 649
Directory of Resources......Page 651
Bibliography......Page 655
A......Page 659
C......Page 661
E......Page 663
F......Page 664
G......Page 666
I......Page 668
M......Page 673
O......Page 674
P......Page 675
R......Page 676
S......Page 677
U......Page 679
Z......Page 680
Back Cover......Page 681