Food-Energy-Water Nexus Resilience and Sustainable Development: Decision-Making Methods, Planning, and Trade-Off Analysis

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: A Multi-attribute Assessment of Electricity Supply Options in Lebanon
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Method and Data
		1.2.1 Weights Assigned to REA´s Indicators
		1.2.2 Weights Assigned to SPA´s Indicators
	1.3 Results
		1.3.1 Aggregate Performance of Electricity Generation Technologies Under the REA Framework
		1.3.2 Aggregate Performance of Electricity Generation Technologies Under the SPA Framework
	1.4 Discussion
		1.4.1 Variations Between API Scores Under the REA and SPA Frameworks
		1.4.2 Limitations
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Introduction to FEW Nexus
	2.1 Introduction to FEW Nexus
	2.2 Water
	2.3 Food
	2.4 Energy
	2.5 Energy and Water
		2.5.1 Energy for Water
		2.5.2 Water for Energy
			2.5.2.1 Water for the Fuel Cycle
			2.5.2.2 Energy Conversion
	2.6 Water-Food
		2.6.1 Food for Water
	2.7 Food and Energy
		2.7.1 Energy for Food
		2.7.2 Food for Energy
	2.8 Spatial Computing in FEW
		2.8.1 FEW Data Mining
		2.8.2 FEW Decision Support
	2.9 Solutions for FEW Nexus Management and Improvement
		2.9.1 Operationalizing the Planning for FEW Nexus
		2.9.2 Opportunities to Improve Food, Energy, and Water Security via Nexus
	References
Chapter 3: A Decision Support Tool for the Assessment of Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Saudi Arabia
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Tool Design and Development
	3.3 Land Suitability Classification
	3.4 The Decision Support Tool at a Glance
		3.4.1 Scenarios and Feeding Input Data
	3.5 Conclusions
	Appendix: Land Suitability Analysis
	References
Chapter 4: Design of Integrated Palm Oil Based Complex via Food-Energy-Water Nexus Optimization Framework
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Problem Statement
	4.3 Problem Formulation
	4.4 Case Study
	4.5 Results and Discussion
		4.5.1 Maximizing Economic Potential (Scenario 1)
		4.5.2 Maximizing Food Production (Scenario 2) and Minimizing Freshwater Consumption (Scenario 5)
		4.5.3 Maximizing Electricity Generation (Scenario 3) and Minimizing Net Heat Demand (Scenario 4)
		4.5.4 Maximizing Overall Degree of Satisfaction (Scenario 6)
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Potable Water Production by Heat Recovery of Kalina Cycle, Using Solar Energy
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Set-Up Description
	5.3 Materials and Methods
		5.3.1 CPC and Thermal Storage Tank Formulae
		5.3.2 Thermodynamic Presumptions and Evaluation
		5.3.3 Main Performance Criteria
	5.4 Results and Discussion
	5.5 Concluding Comments
	References
Chapter 6: Biodiesel: A Sustainable Energy Source for Compression Ignition Engine
	6.1 Background Information
	6.2 Vegetable Oils
	6.3 Biodiesel
		6.3.1 Biodiesel Properties
		6.3.2 Advantages of Biodiesel
		6.3.3 Disadvantages of Biodiesel
	6.4 Engine Test
	6.5 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performance
	6.6 NOx Emission Reduction
	6.7 Effect of Additive Added Biodiesel
	6.8 Biodiesel on Engine Vibration and Corrosion
		6.8.1 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Lubrication
		6.8.2 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Components
	6.9 Future Challenges
	6.10 Further Reading
	6.11 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Modeling, Real-Time Operation, and Protection
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 nZEB Concept
		7.2.1 nZEB Components
			7.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Resources
				7.2.1.1.1 Solar Panel
				7.2.1.1.2 Wind Turbine
				7.2.1.1.3 Biomass
				7.2.1.1.4 Geothermal
			7.2.1.2 Home Energy Storage
			7.2.1.3 Building Load
		7.2.2 Potential Impacts of Considering Uncertainties into the Models
	7.3 Different Modeling Techniques by Incorporating Uncertainties
		7.3.1 Data-Driven Methods
			7.3.1.1 Artificial Neural Networks
				7.3.1.1.1 MLP Neural Network
				7.3.1.1.2 RNN Architecture
				7.3.1.1.3 CNN Architecture
			7.3.1.2 Fuzzy Inference System
			7.3.1.3 ANFIS
			7.3.1.4 Markov Chain
			7.3.1.5 EV Conditional Probability Distribution at Plug-in Time
		7.3.2 Mathematical Model
			7.3.2.1 Simple Panel Efficiency Model (Simple Model)
			7.3.2.2 Power Temperature Coefficient Model
			7.3.2.3 PVWatt Model
			7.3.2.4 Sandia PV Array Performance Model (Sandia)
	7.4 Stochastic Control Strategies
		7.4.1 Stochastic Dynamic Programming
		7.4.2 Online Scheduling Approaches
		7.4.3 Model Predictive Control
	7.5 Protection Methods
		7.5.1 Protection Challenges on Net-Zero Energy Buildings
		7.5.2 Evaluating Different Protection Methods of Net-Zero Energy Buildings
		7.5.3 Grounding and Human Safety in Net-Zero Energy Buildings
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Data Analysis Model for Solar Energy System Design in Different Climatic Regions
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Solar, Electricity, and Climate Potential in Istanbul and Izmir
		8.2.1 Calculation of Intensity of Solar Radiation
		8.2.2 Horizontal Area
			8.2.2.1 Total Daily Sun Irradiation
			8.2.2.2 Daily Sun Irradiation Diffusion
			8.2.2.3 Total Instantaneous Solar Radiation
			8.2.2.4 Diffuse and Direct Momentary Sun Irradiation
		8.2.3 The Sun Irradiation Intensity´s Determination on Inclined Superficies
			8.2.3.1 Direct Sun Irradiation as the Momentary
			8.2.3.2 The Diffusion of Solar Radiation (Momentary)
			8.2.3.3 Reflecting Sun Irradiation (Momentary)
			8.2.3.4 Total Sun Irradiation (Momentary)
	8.3 Method
	8.4 Results and Findings
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: The Necessity of a Food-Energy-Water Nexus Approach for Lake Urmia Basin Under the Risks of Climate Change and Envi...
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Climate Change Impact on Iran
	9.3 Environmental Crisis in the Lake Urmia Basin
	9.4 Interactions Among FEW Actors at the Lake Urmia Basin
		9.4.1 Water for Energy
		9.4.2 Water for Energy
		9.4.3 Energy for Water
		9.4.4 Energy for Food
		9.4.5 Energy for Water
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Enabling Technology for Water Smart Agriculture: A Test Bed for Water and Energy Efficiency for Developing Nations
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Socioeconomic Impact of Water Crisis
		10.1.2 Review of Existing Solutions for Water Efficiency
	10.2 The Enabling Technology
		10.2.1 Real-Time Soil Moisture Measurement Methods
			10.2.1.1 Principles of Soil Moisture Measurement Techniques
				10.2.1.1.1 Soil Moisture Tension Method
				10.2.1.1.2 Resistive Method
				10.2.1.1.3 Capacitive Method
				10.2.1.1.4 Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
				10.2.1.1.5 Frequency-Domain Reflectometry (FDR)
				10.2.1.1.6 Neutron Scattering Method
			10.2.1.2 The Low-Cost Solution
		10.2.2 Energy-Efficient Communication for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
			10.2.2.1 The Low Cost and Low Energy Solution
		10.2.3 Energy Harvesting for Stand-Alone Sensor Nodes and Gateway
		10.2.4 Integrating Weather Information
		10.2.5 Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing
	10.3 The Proposed Framework
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Dealing with Trade-offs in Sustainable Energy Planning: Insight for Indonesia
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Method
	11.3 Results
		11.3.1 Country-Specific Weighting of Energy Alternatives
		11.3.2 Island-Specific Desirability Energy Alternatives
			11.3.2.1 Nuclear
			11.3.2.2 Geothermal
			11.3.2.3 Solar Photovoltaic
			11.3.2.4 Wind
			11.3.2.5 Fossil Fuels
			11.3.2.6 Hydropower
			11.3.2.7 Bioenergy
	11.4 Policy Implications
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: An Updated Review on Net-Zero Energy and Water Buildings: Design and Operation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Definition of Net-Zero Building
		12.2.1 Net-Zero Energy Building
			12.2.1.1 Design of ZEBs
			12.2.1.2 Application of Renewable Energy Sources in ZEBs
			12.2.1.3 Operation of ZEBs
		12.2.2 Net-Zero Water Buildings
			12.2.2.1 Design of ZWBs
			12.2.2.2 Operation of ZWBs
	12.3 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Food, Water and Energy Nexus a Pulpit for Implementing the Sustainable Future
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Food Waste
	13.3 Food Waste Management
		13.3.1 Water Crisis
		13.3.2 Food Crisis
		13.3.3 Energy Crisis
	13.4 Water, Food and Energy Interdependencies
	13.5 Remedies for Food, Energy and Water Problems
		13.5.1 Administration to Oversee Water Usage
		13.5.2 The Worldwide Population and Water Supply
		13.5.3 Water Reuse
	13.6 Virtual Water
		13.6.1 Global Guidelines on Sanitation and Quality
		13.6.2 Open and Private Benchmarks to Defeat Wastage
		13.6.3 Eurep-GAP
		13.6.4 Control the Microorganisms
	13.7 Remedies for the Energy Crisis
		13.7.1 Wind Energy
		13.7.2 Nuclear Energy
		13.7.3 Solar Energy
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Security Interactions of Food, Water, and Energy Systems: A Stochastic Modeling
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Modeling
	14.3 Data
	14.4 Numerical Results
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Beyond Carbon Emissions: A System of Systems Approach to Sustainable Energy Development in East Africa
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 East Africa
		15.2.1 Background
		15.2.2 Energy Landscape and East African Power Pool (EAPP)
		15.2.3 Energy Planning Across East Africa
			15.2.3.1 Least Cost Energy Planning
			15.2.3.2 Renewable Energy Plans
	15.3 Method
	15.4 Results
		15.4.1 Relative Desirability of Energy Sources
		15.4.2 Geothermal
		15.4.3 Solar
			15.4.3.1 Solar PV
			15.4.3.2 Concentrated Solar Power
		15.4.4 Onshore Wind
		15.4.5 Nuclear
		15.4.6 Hydropower
		15.4.7 Coal
		15.4.8 Oil
		15.4.9 Natural Gas
		15.4.10 Biomass
	15.5 East African Power Pool, EAPP (Regional Weights)
	15.6 The EAPP Master Plan
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
Index