Food and Nutrition Security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vol. 2: Macroeconomic Policy and Its Implication on Food and Nutrition Security

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Overview of Saudi Arabia Economy: Status Quo and Future Prospects
	1 Saudi Arabia Location and Area
	2 Climate
	3 Population
	4 Economy
	5 Agricultural Sector
		5.1 Saudi Arabia Food Products Self-sufficiency Ratio
		5.2 Saudi Arabia Agricultural Investment
	6 Saudi Arabia Humanitarian Aids Under Disaster and Risk Situation
	7 Saudi Arabia’s Directives for the Main Agricultural Products
	8 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
2 Food Prices and Food Security in Saudi Arabia: Facts and Trends
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of International Food Price Variability
	3 Analysis of the Variability of Food Prices in Saudi Arabia
		3.1 Changes in Prices of Expenditure Categories in Saudi Arabia
	4 Changes in Average Prices of Some Food Commodities in Saudi Arabia
	5 Changes in Average Prices of Food Groups in Saudi Arabia
		5.1 Changes in Average Prices of Bread and Seeds in Saudi Arabia
		5.2 Changes in Average Prices of Fruits and Nuts in Saudi Arabia
		5.3 Changes in Average Prices of Vegetables in Saudi Arabia
		5.4 Changes in Average Prices of Meat and Poultry in Saudi Arabia
		5.5 Changes in Average Prices of Milk Products and Eggs in Saudi Arabia
		5.6 Changes in Average Prices of Oils and Fat in Saudi Arabia
		5.7 Changes in Average Prices of Sugar and Sweets in Saudi Arabia
		5.8 Changes in Average Prices of Coffee and Tea in Saudi Arabia
		5.9 Changes in Average Prices of Mineral Water, Soft Drinks, and Juices
	6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
3 The Impact of Oil Revenue on Food Security in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 The Impact of Oil Revenue on Food Security
		2.1 Oil Revenue and Food Imports
		2.2 Oil Revenue and Access to Food
	3 The Impact of Oil Revenue on Food Security Related Sectors
	4 Conclusion and Prospects
	Appendix
	References
4 An Economic Analysis of the Plant Production Sector in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Agricultural Sector Performance Indicators During (2010–2020)
		2.1 Value Added (2010–2020)
		2.2 Agricultural Land
	3 The Economic Performance of Plant Production Sector in KSA (2010–2020)
		3.1 Cereals
		3.2 Vegetables
		3.3 Fruits
		3.4 Green Fodder
	4 Horizontal and Vertical Expansion of Crops Production in KSA
	References
5 Agricultural Trade Performance and Food Security in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic Performance of Saudi Arabia
	3 Saudi Arabia Trade Performance and Food Security
		3.1 The Growth and Global Market Share of Saudi Arabia’s Trade
		3.2 Relative Trade Balance of Saudi Arabia
		3.3 Economy Trade Openness
	4 Agricultural Trade and Food Security of Saudi Arabia
		4.1 Relative Food Trade Balance
		4.2 Revealed Comparative Advantage of Agricultural Sector
	5 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
6 The Implications of Agricultural Saudi Arabia Investment Abroad on Food Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Agricultural Investment and Food Security
		2.1 General Overview of Agricultural Investment
		2.2 Importance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
		2.3 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Versus Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)
		2.4 Common Measures to Promote Investments
		2.5 Saudi Perspective with Respect to Investment and FDI
	3 The Legal and Operational Framework for Saudi Investment Abroad
	4 Saudi Arabia Agricultural Sector and Investment Abroad
		4.1 Saudi Arabia’s Agricultural Landscape
		4.2 Food Import as a Pressing Factor for FDI
		4.3 Rationale and Actions for Agricultural Investments Abroad
		4.4 Performance and Impact of Saudi Investment Abroad
		4.5 Investment Strategies and Initiatives
		4.6 Targeted Regions and Countries
		4.7 Technology Transfer and Knowledge Sharing
		4.8 Economic Impacts of Agricultural Investment Abroad
		4.9 Environmental Sustainability and Social Impact of Investment Abroad
	5 Conclusions
		5.1 Summary of Saudi Investment Abroad
		5.2 Prospects for Future Collaboration in Investment Abroad
	References
7 Food Supply Chain in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Food Supply in Saudi Arabia
	3 Food Consumption in the Saudi Arabia
	4 Food Supply Chain
	5 Food Supply Chain in Saudi Arabia
		5.1 Food Supply Chain for Imported Food in Saudi Arabia
		5.2 Food Supply Chain in Saudi Arabia (Local Production)
	6 Food Supply Chain and Its Impact on Food Security
	7 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
8 Agricultural Finance Towards Food Security in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of Food Security
	3 Concept of Agricultural Finance
	4 Agricultural Finance and Food Security
	5 Agricultural Development Fund and Food Security in KSA
		5.1 About Agricultural Development Fund
		5.2 ADF Vision and Mission
		5.3 ADF Credit Services
		5.4 Handling Troubled Projects Program
		5.5 The ADF Privacy Lending Policy
		5.6 General Requirements for Accepting Applications for Credit Services
		5.7 Lending Terms for Specialized Projects
		5.8 Guarantee for Credit Services
		5.9 The ADF’s Client Land Ownership Deed
	6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
9 Food Security Under Climate Change Scenario in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
		2.1 Location
		2.2 Population
		2.3 Geographic Features
		2.4 Climate
		2.5 National Related Agricultural Resources
	3 KSA Agricultural Sector
		3.1 Agricultural Sector Initiation and Development
		3.2 Establishment of Agricultural Development Fund
		3.3 Agricultural Sector Achievements
	4 KSA Food Security: Ambitions and Impediments
		4.1 Food Security Basic Principals
		4.2 KSA Food Security Ambitions
		4.3 KSA Food Security Challenges and Suggestions
	5 Climate Change
		5.1 Climate Change Definition and Concept
		5.2 Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Productions and Food Security
		5.3 Climate Change Impact on Food Security in KSA
	6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
10 Sustainable Management of Food Waste in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Food Wastage, a Controversy in Its Definition
		2.1 Food Surplus
		2.2 Types of Food Waste
		2.3 Food Loss
	3 Food Waste in Saudi Arabia Challenges and Solutions
	4 Adverse Environmental Effects of Food Loss/Waste
	5 Strategies to Curb Food Loss/Waste
		5.1 Zero Hunger Hero Strategy
		5.2 Sustainable Food Loss/Waste Management
		5.3 Legislations and Laws
		5.4 Circular Bioeconomy Approach
	6 Steps to Be Taken for Sustainable FW Management
	7 Conclusion
	References
11 Food Loss and Waste in Saudi Arabia: Analysis, Causes, and Interventions
	1 Introduction
	2 Food Loss and Waste Across Regions
	3 Underlying Causes of Food Loss and Waste Along the Food Supply Chain
		3.1 Causes of Food Loss and Waste at Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream
		3.2 Food Wastage Footprint and Climate Change
	4 Food Loss and Waste Reduction Interventions: International Experiences
		4.1 Interventions at the Upstream Stage (Production and Post-harvest)
		4.2 Interventions at the Midstream Stage (Processing and Distribution)
		4.3 Interventions at the Downstream Stage (Consumption)
	5 Food Loss and Waste in Saudi Arabia
		5.1 National Program for Reducing Food Loss and Waste (NPRFLW)
		5.2 Food Loss and Waste Baseline Study
	6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
12 Food Security Early Warning Systems in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Concepts of Early Warning System
		2.1 EWS Models
	3 Metrics and Indices of Food security
	4 Food Security Early Warning System
		4.1 Food Supply
		4.2 Sustainability Intensification (SI)
		4.3 Economic Prosperity
		4.4 Quality of Life (QoL)
	5 Applied Examples of Food Security Early Warning System
		5.1 East and South Africa Regions
		5.2 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	6 Conclusion
	References
13 Food Consumption Patterns in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Consumption Patterns of Saudi People
	3 Saudi Food According to the Regions
	4 What Distinguishes Traditional Saudi Food in General?
	5 Important Ingredients in Saudi Cuisine
	6 Saudi Traditional Dishes
		6.1 The Most Famous Dishes of the Northern and Central Regions
		6.2 Popular Saudi Southern Region Dishes
		6.3 Popular Saudi Northern Region Dishes
		6.4 Popular Saudi Western Region Dishes
	7 Conclusion
	References
14 Contribution of Hassawi Rice to Food and Nutritional Security in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Cultivation and Production of Hassawi Rice
		1.2 General Uses of Hassawi Rice
	2 Hassawi Rice Importance and Utilization
		2.1 Socio-economic Values
		2.2 Research Advances
	3 Hassawi Rice Significance in Food Security
		3.1 Historical Overview
		3.2 Climate Change Implications
		3.3 Relevance to Food Security and Farmer Livelihood Protection
		3.4 Factors Influencing Adoption
	4 Hassawi Rice Significance in Nutritional Security
		4.1 Nutritional Value and Health Benefits
		4.2 Physico-Chemical Properties
		4.3 Relevance to Nutritional Security Strategies
	5 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
15 Role of Date Palm to Food and Nutritional Security in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Historical Overview and Distribution
		1.2 Biodiversity
		1.3 Date Production
		1.4 Taxonomic and Ecological Characteristics
	2 Date Palm Importance and Utilization
		2.1 Social Value
		2.2 Economic Values
		2.3 Marketing
		2.4 Research Advances
		2.5 Industrial Applications
	3 Date Palm Significance in Food Security
		3.1 Climate Change Implications
		3.2 Relevance to Food Security Strategies
		3.3 Poverty Alleviation and Farmer Livelihood Protection
	4 Date Palm Significance in Nutritional Security
		4.1 Nutritional Value and Health Benefits
		4.2 Physico-chemical Properties
	5 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
16 Genetically Modified Food: Potentiality for Food and Nutritional Security in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Genetically Modified Food
		2.1 Definition of Genetically Modified Food
		2.2 Public Concerns
		2.3 Traditional Crop Breeding and the Need for Genetically Modified Food
		2.4 The New Era of Genome Modifications Through Genome Editing for Sustainable Crop Production
		2.5 Potential Benefits of Genetically Modified Crops
	3 Socioeconomics of Genetically Modified Food
		3.1 Social Aspects
		3.2 Consumer Perception
		3.3 Economic Aspects
	4 Regulatory Considerations
	5 Monitoring of Genetically Modified Food in Saudi Arabia
		5.1 Bioethical Issues Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods in Saudi Arabia
	6 Role of Genetically Modified Foods in Food and Nutritional Security
	7 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
17 Utilization of Edible Insects as Food and Feed with Emphasis on the Red Palm Weevil
	1 Introduction
	2 The Reasons Favoring the Consumption of Insects as Compared with Other Meat Sources
	3 Farming of Edible Insects
	4 Nutritional Composition of Edible Insects
	5 Risk Assessment and Legislative Measures
	6 Entomophagy and Acceptability of Edible Insects as Human Food
	7 Entomophagy in Saudi Arabia
	8 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
18 Food Processing in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Wheat Milling and Baking Industry
		2.1 Wheat Storage in Saudi Arabia
		2.2 Wheat Flour Milling
		2.3 Bread and Pastries Market in Saudi Arabia
		2.4 Bread Baking in Saudi Arabia
	3 Dairy Industry in Saudi Arabia
		3.1 Dairy Market in Saudi Arabia
		3.2 Dairy Consumption in Saudi Arabia
		3.3 Dairy Farming in Saudi Arabia
		3.4 Dairy Processing in Saudi Arabia
	4 Dates Industry in Saudi Arabia
		4.1 Dates Exports and Local Market in Saudi Arabia
		4.2 Dates Consumption in Saudi Arabia
		4.3 Date Processing and Packaging
		4.4 Value Added Products from Dates
	5 Red Meat Poultry and Seafood Processing
		5.1 Red Meat and Poultry Market in Saudi Arabia
		5.2 Red Meat and Poultry Consumption in Saudi Arabia
		5.3 Red Meat and Poultry Processing in Saudi Arabia
		5.4 Seafood Market in Saudi Arabia
		5.5 Seafood Consumption in Saudi Arabia
		5.6 Seafood Processing in Saudi Arabia
	6 Food Cold Chain in Saudi Arabia
		6.1 Measures and Challenges Facing Food Cold Chain in Saudi Arabia
	7 Food Control System in Saudi Arabia
		7.1 Saudi Arabia National Halal Food
	8 Foreign Investment in Saudi Food Processing Sector
	9 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
19 Food Safety and Quality in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Concepts of Food Quality and Safety
		2.1 Food Quality and Safety
		2.2 Food Quality Control
		2.3 Quality Assurance (QA)
		2.4 Quality Policy
		2.5 Total Quality Management
	3 Principles of Total Quality Management
	4 Implementing Total Quality Management
	5 Food Safety Programs
		5.1 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
	6 Food Hazard and Consumer Protection
		6.1 Type of Hazard
	7 Responsibility for Food Quality and Safety
	8 Food Laws and Regulations
		8.1 FAO Laws and Regulations on Food Safety and Quality
	9 International Bodies Concerned with Food Safety and Quality
		9.1 WHO—FAO Strategies for Enhancing Food Safety
		9.2 Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)
	10 Challenges in Food Safety
	11 Food Safety in Saudi Arabia
		11.1 Local Bodies in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Concerned with Food Safety and Quality
		11.2 Current Situation of Food Safety in Saudi Arabia
		11.3 Challenges Facing Food Safety in Saudi Arabia
		11.4 Food Labeling Requirements
	12 Impact of Climate Change on Food Safety and Quality
		12.1 Effect of Climate Change on the Risk of Foodborne Illness
		12.2 Changes in Precipitation Patterns and Flooding Could Increase the Uptake of Toxic Metals
		12.3 Algal Toxin
		12.4 Increased Mycotoxin Contamination
		12.5 Reduced Nutrient Content
		12.6 Changes in Food Production and Distribution
		12.7 Climate Change and Food Safety and Quality in Saudi Arabia
	13 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
20 Role and Contributions of Nutrition Security Institutions in Saudi Arabia
	1 Introduction
	2 Nutrition Security
		2.1 Definition
		2.2 Development of the Nutrition Security Concept
		2.3 Determinants of the Nutrition Security
		2.4 Measurement of the Nutrition Security
	3 The Role and Contributions of Nutrition Security Institutions in Saudi Arabia
		3.1 Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture and Its Role in Nutrition Security
		3.2 Ministry of Health and Its Role in Nutrition Security
		3.3 Saudi Universities and Their Roles in Nutrition Security
		3.4 Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA)
		3.5 Saudi Chambers of Commerce and Industry
		3.6 International Agencies in Saudi Arabia
	4 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Index