Food and Livelihood Securities in Changing Climate of the Himalaya

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 The Context
	1.2 Definition of Problem
	1.3 An Overview
	1.4 Hypothesis and Objectives
		1.4.1 Hypothesis
		1.4.2 Objectives
	1.5 Methodological Approach
		1.5.1 Data Collection
	1.6 The Study Area
	1.7 Significance of the Study
	1.8 Structure of the Book
	References
2 Biophysical and Socio-economic Characteristics
	2.1 Background
	2.2 Physical Characteristics
		2.2.1 Location and Extent
		2.2.2 Topography
		2.2.3 Slope
		2.2.4 Drainage Pattern
		2.2.5 Geology
		2.2.6 Soils
		2.2.7 Climate
		2.2.8 Natural Vegetation
	2.3 Cultural Characteristics
		2.3.1 History
		2.3.2 Demographic Characteristics
	2.4 Infrastructure Facilities
		2.4.1 Education
		2.4.2 Health
		2.4.3 Transport and Communication
		2.4.4 Banking Facilities
		2.4.5 Trade Flows
		2.4.6 Hydropower Projects
	2.5 Land-Use/Cover Analysis
	References
3 Climate Variability and Farmers’ Perception
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Materials and Methods
		3.2.1 IMD Data
		3.2.2 Questionnaire Survey
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Assessment of Climate Variability
		3.3.2 Farmers’ Perceptions and Adaptive Capacity
		3.3.3 Policy Initiatives to Raise Adaptive Capacity
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 Spatio-temporal Change Delineation and Forecasting of Snow/Ice-Covered Areas
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Materials and Methods
		4.2.1 Data Source
		4.2.2 Methods
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Snow Cover Index (S3)
		4.3.2 Normalized Difference Snow Thermal Index (NDSTI)
		4.3.3 Perennial Snow Index
		4.3.4 Time Series Analysis
		4.3.5 Error Matrix
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 Agriculture System and Agrobiodiversity
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Agriculture Scenario of Sikkim
	5.3 Agroecosystems of Sikkim
	5.4 Analysis of Agrobiodiversity
		5.4.1 Crop Diversity in Sikkim
	5.5 Analysis of Cropping Patterns
		5.5.1 Food Crops
		5.5.2 Non-food Crops
	5.6 Cropping Pattern in Sampled Households
		5.6.1 Changes in Cropping Pattern
		5.6.2 Farming Systems and Practices
		5.6.3 Functions of Farming Practices
		5.6.4 Agricultural Inputs
		5.6.5 Reason Behind the Changing Pattern in the Yield
	5.7 Crop Diversification
		5.7.1 The Pattern of Crop Diversification
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Analysis of Food Availability
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methods
		6.2.1 Gross Food Availability
		6.2.2 Net Food Availability
		6.2.3 Carrying Capacity of Land
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Pattern of Consumption
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Analysis of Livelihood Security
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Logistic Regression Model
		7.2.2 Multinomial Logistic Regression
	7.3 Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Agricultural Diversities for Livelihood
		7.3.2 Range of Livelihood Options
		7.3.3 Factors Affecting the Livelihood Options
		7.3.4 Econometric Analysis of Factors Affecting the Livelihood Options
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
8 Conservation of Agriculture for Sustainable Livelihood
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 SWOT Analysis for Conservation Agriculture
	8.3 Adoption of Conservation Agriculture
		8.3.1 Minimum Mechanical Soil Disturbance
		8.3.2 Permanent Soil Cover with Crop Residues and Live Mulches
		8.3.3 Diversified Crop Rotation and Intercropping
		8.3.4 Organic Farming
		8.3.5 Soil Conservation
		8.3.6 Integrated Pest Control and Management (IPCM)
	8.4 Adoption of Conservation of Water
		8.4.1 Low-Cost Micro-rainwater Harvesting Technology
		8.4.2 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
		8.4.3 Efficient Irrigation Method
	8.5 Capacity Building Program
	References
Summary
Bibliography