Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery, Sixth Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface to the Sixth Edition......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
List of Symbols......Page 16
1.1 Definition of a Turbomachine......Page 20
1.2 Coordinate System......Page 21
1.3 The Fundamental Laws......Page 23
1.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 24
1.6 The Momentum Equation......Page 26
1.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics—Entropy......Page 28
1.8 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 30
1.9 Compressible Flow Relations......Page 31
1.10 Definitions of Efficiency......Page 34
1.11 Small Stage or Polytropic Efficiency......Page 37
1.12 The Inherent Unsteadiness of the Flow Within Turbomachines......Page 43
Problems......Page 45
2.1 Dimensional Analysis and Performance Laws......Page 48
2.2 Incompressible Fluid Analysis......Page 49
2.3 Performance Characteristics for Low Speed Machines......Page 51
2.4 Compressible Fluid Analysis......Page 52
2.5 Performance Characteristics for High Speed Machines......Page 56
2.6 Specific Speed and Specific Diameter......Page 59
2.7 Cavitation......Page 66
References......Page 68
Problems......Page 69
3.1 Introduction......Page 72
3.2 Cascade Geometry......Page 75
3.3 Cascade Flow Characteristics......Page 78
3.4 Analysis of Cascade Forces......Page 83
3.5 Compressor Cascade Performance......Page 87
3.6 Turbine Cascades......Page 97
References......Page 111
Problems......Page 113
4.1 Introduction......Page 116
4.2 Velocity Diagrams of the Axial-Turbine Stage......Page 118
4.3 Turbine Stage Design Parameters......Page 119
4.4 Thermodynamics of the Axial-Turbine Stage......Page 120
4.5 Repeating Stage Turbines......Page 122
4.6 Stage Losses and Efficiency......Page 124
4.7 Preliminary Axial Turbine Design......Page 126
4.8 Styles of Turbine......Page 128
4.9 Effect of Reaction on Efficiency......Page 132
4.10 Diffusion within Blade Rows......Page 134
4.11 The Efficiency Correlation of Smith (1965)......Page 137
4.12 Design Point Efficiency of a Turbine Stage......Page 140
4.13 Stresses in Turbine Rotor Blades......Page 144
4.14 Turbine Blade Cooling......Page 150
4.15 Turbine Flow Characteristics......Page 152
References......Page 155
Problems......Page 156
5.1 Introduction......Page 162
5.2 Mean-Line Analysis of the Compressor Stage......Page 163
5.3 Velocity Diagrams of the Compressor Stage......Page 165
5.4 Thermodynamics of the Compressor Stage......Page 166
5.5 Stage Loss Relationships and Efficiency......Page 167
5.6 Mean-Line Calculation Through a Compressor Rotor......Page 168
5.7 Preliminary Compressor Stage Design......Page 172
5.8 Simplified Off-Design Performance......Page 176
5.9 Multi-Stage Compressor Performance......Page 178
5.10 High Mach Number Compressor Stages......Page 184
5.11 Stall and Surge Phenomena in Compressors......Page 185
5.12 Low Speed Ducted Fans......Page 191
5.13 Blade Element Theory......Page 193
5.15 Lift Coefficient of a Fan Aerofoil......Page 195
References......Page 196
Problems......Page 198
6.2 Theory of Radial Equilibrium......Page 202
6.3 The Indirect Problem......Page 204
6.4 The Direct Problem......Page 212
6.5 Compressible Flow Through a Fixed Blade Row......Page 213
6.6 Constant Specific Mass Flow......Page 214
6.7 Off-Design Performance of a Stage......Page 216
6.8 Free-Vortex Turbine Stage......Page 217
6.9 Actuator Disc Approach......Page 219
6.10 Computer-Aided Methods of Solving the Through-Flow Problem......Page 225
6.11 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to the Design of Axial Turbomachines......Page 228
6.12 Secondary Flows......Page 229
References......Page 231
Problems......Page 232
7.1 Introduction......Page 236
7.2 Some Definitions......Page 239
7.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Centrifugal Compressor......Page 240
7.4 Diffuser Performance Parameters......Page 244
7.5 Inlet Velocity Limitations at the Eye......Page 248
7.6 Optimum Design of a Pump Inlet......Page 249
7.7 Optimum Design of a Centrifugal Compressor Inlet......Page 251
7.8 Slip Factor......Page 255
7.9 Head Increase of a Centrifugal Pump......Page 261
7.10 Performance of Centrifugal Compressors......Page 263
7.11 The Diffuser System......Page 270
7.12 Choking In a Compressor Stage......Page 275
References......Page 277
Problems......Page 278
8.1 Introduction......Page 284
8.2 Types of Inward-Flow Radial Turbine......Page 285
8.3 Thermodynamics of the 90° IFR Turbine......Page 287
8.4 Basic Design of the Rotor......Page 289
8.5 Nominal Design Point Efficiency......Page 291
8.7 Loss Coefficients in 90° IFR Turbines......Page 295
8.8 Optimum Efficiency Considerations......Page 297
8.9 Criterion for Minimum Number of Blades......Page 302
8.10 Design Considerations for Rotor Exit......Page 305
8.11 Significance and Application of Specific Speed......Page 310
8.12 Optimum Design Selection of 90° IFR Turbines......Page 313
8.13 Clearance and Windage Losses......Page 315
8.14 Cooled 90° IFR Turbines......Page 316
References......Page 317
Problems......Page 318
9.1 Introduction......Page 322
9.2 Hydraulic Turbines......Page 324
9.3 The Pelton Turbine......Page 327
9.5 The Francis Turbine......Page 336
9.6 The Kaplan Turbine......Page 343
9.7 Effect of Size on Turbomachine Efficiency......Page 347
9.8 Cavitation......Page 349
9.10 The Wells Turbine......Page 353
9.11 Tidal Power......Page 365
References......Page 368
Problems......Page 369
10.1 Introduction......Page 376
10.2 Types of Wind Turbine......Page 379
10.4 Actuator Disc Approach......Page 383
10.6 Power Output Range......Page 391
10.7 Blade Element Theory......Page 392
10.8 The Blade Element Momentum Method......Page 400
10.9 Rotor Configurations......Page 408
10.10 The Power Output at Optimum Conditions......Page 416
10.11 HAWT Blade Section Criteria......Page 417
10.12 Developments in Blade Manufacture......Page 418
10.13 Control Methods (Starting, Modulating, and Stopping)......Page 419
10.14 Blade Tip Shapes......Page 424
10.16 Performance Prediction Codes......Page 425
10.17 Environmental Considerations......Page 427
References......Page 430
Problems......Page 432
Appendix A: Preliminary Design of an Axial Flow Turbine for a Large Turbocharger......Page 434
Appendix B: Preliminary Design of a Centrifugal Compressor for a Turbocharger......Page 444
Appendix C: Tables for the Compressible Flow of a Perfect Gas......Page 452
Appendix D: Conversion of British and American Units to SI Units......Page 464
Appendix E: Answers to Problems......Page 466
Index......Page 470
TrUe LiAr......Page 481