Fluid Mechanics

Cover......Page 2
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
About the Author......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
1.1 Preliminary Remarks......Page 19
1.2 The Concept of a Fluid......Page 20
1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum......Page 22
1.4 Dimensions and Units......Page 23
1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid......Page 31
1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties......Page 39
1.9 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines......Page 55
1.11 The History of Fluid Mechanics......Page 59
Summary......Page 60
Problems......Page 61
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems......Page 68
Comprehensive Problems......Page 69
References......Page 72
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient......Page 75
2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element......Page 77
2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions......Page 78
2.4 Application to Manometry......Page 85
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces......Page 88
2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces......Page 96
2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids......Page 99
2.8 Buoyancy and Stability......Page 101
2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion......Page 107
2.10 Pressure Measurement......Page 115
Problems......Page 119
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems......Page 142
Comprehensive Problems......Page 143
Design Projects......Page 145
References......Page 146
3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics......Page 149
3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem......Page 153
3.3 Conservation of Mass......Page 160
3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation......Page 165
3.5 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation......Page 179
3.6 The Angular Momentum Theorem......Page 188
3.7 The Energy Equation......Page 194
Problems......Page 205
Word Problems......Page 232
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems......Page 233
Comprehensive Problems......Page 234
References......Page 235
Chapter 4 Differential Relations for Fluid Flow......Page 237
4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid......Page 238
4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation......Page 240
4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum......Page 246
4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum......Page 253
4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy......Page 254
4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations......Page 257
4.7 The Stream Function......Page 262
4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality......Page 269
4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows......Page 271
4.10 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows......Page 277
Problems......Page 285
Word Problems......Page 296
Comprehensive Problems......Page 297
References......Page 298
5.1 Introduction......Page 301
5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity......Page 304
5.3 The Pi Theorem......Page 310
5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations......Page 320
5.5 Modeling and Similarity......Page 329
Problems......Page 341
Word Problems......Page 349
Comprehensive Problems......Page 350
Design Projects......Page 351
References......Page 352
6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes......Page 355
6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows......Page 360
6.3 Head Loss-The Friction Factor......Page 363
6.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow......Page 365
6.5 Turbulence Modeling......Page 367
6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow......Page 374
6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems......Page 382
6.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts......Page 387
6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems......Page 396
6.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems......Page 405
6.11 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance......Page 411
6.12 Fluid Meters......Page 416
Summary......Page 437
Problems......Page 438
Word Problems......Page 456
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems......Page 457
Comprehensive Problems......Page 458
References......Page 460
7.1 Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects......Page 465
7.2 Momentum Integral Estimates......Page 469
7.3 The Boundary Layer Equations......Page 472
7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer......Page 475
7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient......Page 484
7.6 Experimental External Flows......Page 490
Summary......Page 517
Problems......Page 518
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems......Page 531
Comprehensive Problems......Page 532
References......Page 533
8.1 Introduction and Review......Page 537
8.2 Elementary Plane Flow Solutions......Page 540
8.3 Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions......Page 547
8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes......Page 553
8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows......Page 563
8.6 Images......Page 567
8.7 Airfoil Theory......Page 570
8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow......Page 578
8.9 Numerical Analysis......Page 584
Problems......Page 593
Comprehensive Problems......Page 604
Design Projects......Page 605
References......Page 606
9.1 Introduction: Review of Thermodynamics......Page 609
9.2 The Speed of Sound......Page 614
9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow......Page 616
9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes......Page 622
9.5 The Normal Shock Wave......Page 629
9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles......Page 637
9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction......Page 642
9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer......Page 653
9.9 Mach Waves and Oblique Shock Waves......Page 658
9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves......Page 668
Summary......Page 680
Problems......Page 681
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems......Page 694
Comprehensive Problems......Page 695
Design Projects......Page 696
References......Page 697
10.1 Introduction......Page 699
10.2 Uniform Flow; The Chézy Formula......Page 705
10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels......Page 711
10.4 Specific Energy; Critical Depth......Page 713
10.5 The Hydraulic Jump......Page 720
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow......Page 724
10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs......Page 732
Summary......Page 739
Problems......Page 740
Comprehensive Problems......Page 752
References......Page 754
11.1 Introduction and Classification......Page 757
11.2 The Centrifugal Pump......Page 760
11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules......Page 766
11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps: The Specific Speed......Page 776
11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics......Page 783
11.6 Turbines......Page 791
Summary......Page 805
Problems......Page 807
Comprehensive Problems......Page 820
References......Page 822
Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids......Page 824
Appendix B Compressible Flow Tables......Page 829
Appendix C Conversion Factors......Page 836
Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates......Page 838
Appendix E Estimating Uncertainty in Experimental Data......Page 840
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 842
Index......Page 849