Fluid Inclusion Effect in Flotation of Sulfide Minerals

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Fluid Inclusion Effect in Flotation of Sulfide Minerals
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1 - Mineral fluid inclusions
	1.1 Definition of mineral fluid inclusions
	1.2 Formation and mechanism of inclusions
		1.2.1 Growth and defects of mineral crystals
		1.2.2 Fluid capture by fluid inclusion
			1.2.2.1 Irregular crystal growth
			1.2.2.2 Unbalanced growth of various parts inside the crystal
			1.2.2.3 Inclusion formation through differences in the medium concentration
			1.2.2.4 Discontinuity of crystal growth
			1.2.2.5 Effects of solid-phase substances and impurities
			1.2.2.6 Influence of temperature and pressure
	1.3 Changes in fluid inclusion after fluid capture
		1.3.1 Phase changes
			1.3.1.1 Crystallization on the body wall
			1.3.1.2 Daughter minerals
			1.3.1.3 Shrinkage and immiscibility
			1.3.1.4 Metastability
		1.3.2 Physical changes
			1.3.2.1 Volume and shape changes
			1.3.2.2 Fluid infiltration and loss
	1.4 Inevitability and universality of fluid inclusions
	Further reading
2 - Classification of fluid inclusions
	2.1 Genetic classification of inclusions
		2.1.1 Primary inclusions
		2.1.2 Pseudo-secondary inclusions
		2.1.3 Secondary inclusions
		2.1.4 Metamorphosed inclusions
	2.2 Classification of physical phase states of inclusions
		2.2.1 Fluid inclusions
			2.2.1.1 Pure liquid inclusions
			2.2.1.2 Pure gas inclusions
			2.2.1.3 Liquid inclusions
			2.2.1.4 Gas inclusions
			2.2.1.5 Daughter mineral inclusions
			2.2.1.6 Carbon dioxide inclusions including liquid
			2.2.1.7 Oil–gas inclusions
		2.2.2 Magmatic inclusions
			2.2.2.1 Crystalline melt inclusions
			2.2.2.2 Vitreous melt inclusions
			2.2.2.3 Fluid melt inclusions
	References
3 - Methods for the detection and composition study of fluid inclusions
	3.1 General optical microscopy research on fluid inclusions
		3.1.1 Preparation of inclusion sheets
			3.1.1.1 General requirements for the production of double-sided polished sheets
			3.1.1.2 Grinding process of double-sided polished sheets
		3.1.2 Identification of fluid inclusions
		3.1.3 Morphology of fluid inclusions under the microscope
			3.1.3.1 Shape
			3.1.3.2 Size
			3.1.3.3 Distribution
			3.1.3.4 Abundance
			3.1.3.5 Color
		3.1.4 Phase state of matter in fluid inclusions
			3.1.4.1 Gaseous phase
			3.1.4.2 Liquid phase
			3.1.4.3 Solid phase
			3.1.4.4 Hydrocarbon
	3.2 Modern research techniques for identifying fluid inclusions
		3.2.1 Ultraviolet light microscopy
		3.2.2 Infrared microscopy
		3.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy
		3.2.4 High-resolution X-ray computed tomography
	3.3 Determination of inclusions\' salinity
		3.3.1 Basic principle of determining salinity of inclusions by the freezing method
		3.3.2 Notes on the determination of salinity in inclusions by the freezing method
		3.3.3 Instruments for measuring the freezing point
	3.4 Extraction and analysis of fluid inclusion components
		3.4.1 Issues to be aware of in composition analysis of inclusions
		3.4.2 Analysis of chemical composition of group inclusions
			3.4.2.1 Extraction of inclusion component fluids
				3.4.2.1.1 Individual mineral selection
				3.4.2.1.2 Cleaning
				3.4.2.1.3 Opening of inclusions
					3.4.2.1.3.1 Mechanical crushing method
					3.4.2.1.3.2 Grinding method (for mineral processing)
					3.4.2.1.3.3 Thermal explosion method
				3.4.2.1.4 Treatment before determination of liquid-phase component of inclusions
			3.4.2.2 Component analysis methods for liquid and gas in inclusions
				3.4.2.2.1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
				3.4.2.2.2 Ion chromatography method
				3.4.2.2.3 Gas chromatography
				3.4.2.2.4 Quadrupole mass spectrometry
		3.4.3 Analysis of the chemical composition of individual inclusions
			3.4.3.1 Destructive analysis of individual fluid inclusions
				3.4.3.1.1 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
				3.4.3.1.2 Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis
				3.4.3.1.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis
			3.4.3.2 Nondestructive analysis of individual fluid inclusions
				3.4.3.2.1 Laser Raman spectroscopy
				3.4.3.2.2 Fourier transform Infrared
				3.4.3.2.3 Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence
				3.4.3.2.4 Microbeam proton–induced X/γ-ray analysis
	References
	Further reading
4 - Internal composition of mineral fluid inclusions
	4.1 Gaseous-phase composition of inclusions
	4.2 Liquid-phase components of inclusions
	4.3 Solid-phase composition of inclusions
	4.4 Metal components in fluid inclusions
		4.4.1 Analysis and calculation of heavy metal elements in ore-forming fluids
			4.4.1.1 Sample selection
			4.4.1.2 Sample preparation
			4.4.1.3 Sample test
			4.4.1.4 Dilution multiples and concentration conversion
		4.4.2 Metal components in fluid inclusions in Cu–Au mineral
		4.4.3 Metal components in fluid inclusions of Pb–Zn mineral
		4.4.4 Metal components of group inclusions in quartz and pyrite
	References
	Further reading
5 - Component release of fluid inclusions in sulfide mineral
	5.1 Analysis of mineral raw materials
		5.1.1 Chalcopyrite and associated minerals
		5.1.2 Sphalerite and quartz
		5.1.3 Galena
		5.1.4 Pyrite
			5.1.4.1 Pyrite and quartz vein samples from the pyrite deposits in Weixin, Yunnan
			5.1.4.2 Pyrite and quartz vein samples of polymetallic sulfide deposits from the Dapingzhang area of Yunnan
	5.2 Research methods for fluid inclusions in sulfide mineral
	5.3 Morphology and component release of fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite
		5.3.1 Infrared optical microscopic analysis of the fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite
		5.3.2 SEM/EDS of the position of fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite
		5.3.3 HRXMT analysis
		5.3.4 Component release of the fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite
	5.4 Component release of the fluid inclusions in associated minerals of chalcopyrite
		5.4.1 Component release of the fluid inclusions in the associated quartz and calcite of chalcopyrite
		5.4.2 Component release of fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and associated minerals
	5.5 Morphology and component release of fluid inclusions in sphalerite and associated quartz
		5.5.1 Morphology and types of fluid inclusions in sphalerite and associated quartz
		5.5.2 Freezing point and salinity value of the fluid inclusions in sphalerite
		5.5.3 SEM/EDS analysis of the fluid inclusions on sphalerite surface
		5.5.4 Component release of fluid inclusions in sphalerite and quartz
	5.6 Morphology and component release of fluid inclusions in galena
		5.6.1 Infrared optics and SEM/EDS of fluid inclusions in galena
		5.6.2 Component release of inclusions in galena
	5.7 Morphology and component release of fluid inclusions in pyrite
		5.7.1 Infrared optical microscopic analysis of fluid inclusions of pyrite in Weixin
		5.7.2 SEM/EDS detection of the positions of inclusions in pyrite from Weixin
		5.7.3 High-resolution X-ray topography of microfault pyrite from Weixin
		5.7.4 Component release of the fluid inclusions of pyrite from Weixin
		5.7.5 Component release of quartz fluid inclusion in the pyrite deposits of Weixin
		5.7.6 Component release of fluid inclusions of pyrite from the polymetallic sulfide deposits of Dapingzhang
		5.7.7 Component release of the fluid inclusions of quartz from polymetallic sulfide deposits of Dapingzhang
	Further reading
6 - Solubility of sulfide mineral and chemical behaviors of solution after release of inclusion components
	6.1 Solubility of sulfide mineral
		6.1.1 Research methods
		6.1.2 Solubility of the chalcopyrite surface
		6.1.3 Solubility of the sphalerite surface
		6.1.4 Solubility of the pyrite surface
	6.2 Equilibrium theory calculation of solubility of sulfide minerals
		6.2.1 Solubility of sulfide mineral in pure water
		6.2.2 Solubility of sulfide mineral at different pH
	6.3 Chemical equilibrium calculation of metal ions in slurry solution
		6.3.1 Cu2+ taring and component distribution
		6.3.2 Zn2+ taring and component distribution
		6.3.3 Pb2+ taring and component distribution
	References
7 - Interactions among components of fluid inclusions in sulfide mineral, mineral surfaces, and collectors
	7.1 ζ potential measurement of the adsorption of released components of inclusions on mineral surfaces
		7.1.1 Test method for ζ potential
		7.1.2 Surface adsorption of inclusion components in chalcopyrite
		7.1.3 Surface adsorption of inclusion components in sphalerite
		7.1.4 Surface adsorption of inclusion components in pyrite and galena
	7.2 Density functional theory of the interactions between the components of fluid inclusion colonies and mineral surfaces
		7.2.1 Crystal model and calculation method
			7.2.1.1 Chalcopyrite crystal model and calculation method
			7.2.1.2 Sphalerite crystal model and calculation method
			7.2.1.3 Pyrite crystal model and calculation method
		7.2.2 Surface relaxation and reconstitution of sulfide mineral
			7.2.2.1 Surface structure of chalcopyrite
			7.2.2.2 Surface structure of sphalerite
			7.2.2.3 Surface structure of pyrite
		7.2.3 Interaction of chalcopyrite surface and the copper in inclusions
		7.2.4 Interaction of sphalerite surface and the copper in inclusions
		7.2.5 Interaction of the pyrite surface and the Cu in inclusions
	7.3 Interactions among sulfide mineral surface, components of fluid inclusions, and collectors
		7.3.1 Interaction of chalcopyrite surface, Cu components, and xanthate
		7.3.2 Interaction of sphalerite surface, Cu, and xanthate
	7.4 Interaction of the components released from mineral fluid inclusions in sulfide mineral flotation
	Reference
	Further reading
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	X
	Z
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