Fluid Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance

cover......Page 1
title......Page 3
- Front matter......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Author's Preface......Page 7
- Addenda......Page 455
- Table of Contents......Page 9
1. Notation - Abbreviations......Page 17
2. Glossary of terms and names......Page 19
3. Drag and theoretical analysis......Page 23
4. Non-dimensional coefficients......Page 24
5. Physical similarity laws......Page 25
6. Properties of air and water......Page 26
1. Very small Reynolds numbers......Page 29
2. Boundary layer data......Page 30
4. Turbulent boundary layer......Page 32
5. Friction of 3-dimensional bodies......Page 34
6. Transition of boundary layer flow......Page 36
7. Laminar-flow foil sections......Page 38
 1. At very small Reynolds numbers......Page 45
 2. Mechanism of flow separation......Page 47
 3. Vortex systems......Page 49
 4. Critical Reynolds number......Page 51
 5. Drag of round bodies......Page 53
 6. Drag of various types of plates......Page 58
 7. Drag of wedges and cones......Page 61
 8. Base drag......Page 62
 9. Drag of non-solid bodies......Page 67
10. Reduction of pressure drag......Page 69
11. Supplementary notes......Page 72
1. Wind characteristics......Page 73
2. Various buildings......Page 74
3. Cylindrical structures......Page 76
4. Steel structures......Page 78
5. Other structures......Page 79
1. Drag due to surface roughness......Page 81
2. Drag of surface imperfections......Page 86
3. Imperfections on streamline shapes......Page 91
A. Drag of Wing- and Strut Sections......Page 95
1. Drag as a function of Reynolds number......Page 96
2. As a function of thickness ratio......Page 98
3. Applications of streamline sections......Page 101
B. Section Drag as a Function of Lift......Page 104
C. Drag of Streamline Shapes......Page 109
D. Supplementary information......Page 113
1. Induced drag and aspect ratio......Page 115
2. Effect of shape on induced drag......Page 117
3. Drag in various wing arrangements......Page 126
4. Drag in small aspect ratios......Page 130
5. Supplementary notes......Page 136
1. Drag between pairs of bodies......Page 137
2. Drag of half bodies on walls......Page 139
3. Drag on three-dimensional bodies......Page 141
4. Wings (struts) and walls......Page 146
5. Interference drag on wings......Page 149
6. Wing-body combinations......Page 151
7. Concluding remarks......Page 155
A. Mechanics of Ducted Systems......Page 157
2. Internal radiator drag......Page 159
3. External radiator drag......Page 161
1. Engine cowlings......Page 163
2. Jet-engine installations......Page 165
1. Influence of cooling heat......Page 167
2. Influence of compressibility......Page 168
1. Drag of air scoops......Page 169
2. Drag of ventilation systems......Page 170
- Supplementary notes......Page 173
A. Fully Submerged Bodies......Page 175
1. Fundamentals of cavitation......Page 178
2. Onset of cavitation......Page 179
3. Drag coefficients in cavitating flow......Page 181
4. Cavitating hydrofoils......Page 183
1. Wave and spray drag......Page 187
2. Drag due to ventilation......Page 188
1. General principles......Page 191
2. Drag caused by friction......Page 193
3. Model-Full-scale correlation......Page 195
4. Wave resistance......Page 201
5. Types of displacement vessels......Page 205
1. Theory of planing......Page 209
2. Characteristics of planing craft......Page 213
C. Hydrofoil Boats......Page 216
1. Experimental methods......Page 223
2. Drag of basic shapes......Page 224
3. Drag due to operational parts......Page 227
4. Efficiency of passenger cars......Page 229
5. Drag of other motor vehicles......Page 230
1. Locomotive and power cars......Page 232
2. Drag of railroad trains......Page 234
3. Efficiency of railroad trains......Page 236
 - Supplementary Notes......Page 237
1. Drag of fuselages......Page 239
2. Drag of engine nacelles......Page 243
3. Drag of floats and boat hulls......Page 247
4. Drag of lifting surfaces......Page 248
1. Drag of airships......Page 267
2. Drag analysis of a fighter airplane......Page 269
3. Performance of other airplanes......Page 274
 1. Elements of compressibility......Page 283
 2. Drag characteristics of bluff bodies......Page 285
 3. Skin friction in compressible flow......Page 291
 4. Drag of foil and strut sections......Page 292
 5. Critical Mach number of wings......Page 297
 6. Characteristics of swept wings......Page 302
 7. Characteristics of streamlined bodies......Page 306
 8. Drag of aircraft components......Page 310
 9. Drag of airplane configurations......Page 315
10. Drag above drag divergence......Page 320
1. Elements of transonic fluid flow......Page 325
2. Base drag at transonic speeds......Page 328
3. Bluff bodies at transonic speeds......Page 337
4. Transonic drag of slender bodies......Page 342
5. Drag of swept and pointed wings......Page 351
6. Drag of aircraft configurations......Page 357
1. Elements of supersonic flow......Page 365
2. Skin friction in compressible flow......Page 367
3. Transonic drag of straight wings......Page 371
4. Straight wings in supersonic flow......Page 377
5. Drag of wings due to lift......Page 381
6. Drag of rocket vehicle......Page 384
A. Drag of Airfoil Sections......Page 385
B. Cones and Similar Bodies......Page 388
C. Free-Flying Configuration......Page 390
D. Viscous Effects in Slender Shapes......Page 391
E. Bluff Bodies at Hypersonic Speeds......Page 397
F. Temperature and Heat Transfer......Page 408
A. Realms of Fluid Dynamics......Page 411
B. Viscous Effects at High Speeds......Page 413
C. Aero-Physical Conditions in the Upper Atmosphere......Page 418
D. Drag in Free Molecule Flow......Page 423
A. Examples of Pressure Drag......Page 429
B. Hydrodynamic Information......Page 432
C. Results at Transonic Speeds......Page 435
D. Nose Drag at Supersonic Speeds......Page 438
E. Nacelles, Loads, External Stores......Page 439
F. Surface Imperfections......Page 441
G. Characteristics of Base Drag......Page 443
NOTE......Page 446
- Alphabetical Subject Index......Page 447