Flowers on the Tree of Life

Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7

Acknowledgements......Page 11
1.1 Outlook......Page 13
1.2 Contents......Page 16
1.3 References......Page 18
2.1 Introduction: aims and terminology......Page 20
2.2 The enlarged phylogenetic gap between extant angiosperms and extant gymnosperms......Page 21
2.3 Evolutionary-developmental genetic models of the origin of the (hermaphrodite) flower......Page 24
2.3.2 The LEAFY gene family......Page 25
2.3.4 ‘Pleiotropy Constraint’ model......Page 26
2.3.6 ‘Further Out of Male’ hypothesis......Page 27
2.4.1 Location of expression......Page 28
2.4.2 Teratological phenotypes......Page 31
2.5.1 Did male–female segregation permit the origin of the seed?......Page 38
2.5.3 Divergence of developmental programming in male and female organs......Page 39
2.6 Are hermaphrodite bennettites a phylogenetic red herring?......Page 42
2.7 Knowledge of gender control in extant gymnosperms and angiosperms remains inadequate......Page 44
2.8 Conclusions......Page 46
2.9 References......Page 48
2.10 Note added in proof......Page 58
3.1 Introduction......Page 61
3.2.1 Collection and preparation of the fossil material......Page 63
3.2.2 Phylogenetic analyses and interpretations......Page 64
Systematics......Page 66
Description......Page 67
Systematics......Page 70
Description......Page 71
3.4.1 General systematic relationships of the fossils......Page 73
3.4.2 Interpretation of the fossil Cohongarootonia hispida and its systematic affinity......Page 74
3.4.3 Interpretation of the fossil Powhatania connata and its systematic affinity......Page 90
3.4.4 Comparison with other lauralean reproductive structures from the Cretaceous......Page 91
3.5 Conclusions......Page 93
3.6 References......Page 94
4.1 Introduction......Page 100
4.2 From the base of the angiosperms to mesangiosperms......Page 105
4.2.1 Magnoliidae......Page 117
4.2.2 Monocots......Page 121
4.2.3 Eudicots......Page 122
4.3 Conclusions......Page 124
4.4 References......Page 125
5.1 Flowers in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies......Page 132
5.2 Homology......Page 134
5.3 Alpha- and omega-morphology......Page 135
5.5 Morphology of syncarpous gynoecia......Page 137
5.6 Concept of sepals and petals......Page 138
5.7 Initiation of organs......Page 139
5.8.2 Decrease ←→ increase in floral organ number......Page 140
5.8.6 Repeated evolution of floral asymmetry from monosymmetry at several levels within a larger clade......Page 141
5.8.11 Rapid evolution and diversification of floral traits......Page 142
5.9 Summary and outlook......Page 143
5.10 References......Page 144
6.1 Introduction......Page 154
6.2 Deep-node characters......Page 155
6.3 Centrifugal growth in flowers......Page 156
6.4 Conclusions......Page 162
6.5 References......Page 163
7.1 Introduction......Page 168
7.2.1 Choice of characters and character coding......Page 170
7.2.2 Phylogenetic background and character optimization......Page 171
7.3 Results......Page 176
7.4.1 Stamen number......Page 184
7.4.2 Anther features......Page 185
7.4.4 Sterile organs......Page 186
7.4.5 How and why has polyandry evolved in palms?......Page 187
7.5 Conclusion......Page 188
7.6 References......Page 189
8.1 Introduction......Page 193
8.2 Material and methods......Page 196
8.2.2 Glossary......Page 197
Morphology......Page 198
Development......Page 203
Anatomy and histology......Page 204
Morphology......Page 205
Anatomy and histology......Page 209
Morphology......Page 210
8.4.1 Flower morphology, merism and symmetry......Page 212
Perianth......Page 214
Androecium......Page 215
Gynoecium......Page 217
Ovules......Page 219
Features supporting the exclusion of Nitraria, Tetradiclis, and Peganum from Zygophyllaceae......Page 220
Potential synapomorphies for a broad circumscription of Nitrariaceae (including Nitraria, Tetradiclis and Peganum + Malacocarpus) (features rather uncommon in other sapindalean families)......Page 221
8.5 Conclusions......Page 222
8.6 References......Page 223
9.1 Introduction......Page 230
9.3.1 Conostegia......Page 232
9.3.2 Heterocentron elegans, Clidemia octona and Dissotis rotundifolia......Page 241
9.4 Discussion......Page 242
9.5 Conclusions......Page 245
9.6 References......Page 246
10.1 Introduction......Page 248
10.2 Phylogeny of the Marantaceae......Page 249
10.3 General floral ontogeny in Marantaceae......Page 251
10.4 Specific ontogenetic diversification and functional consequences......Page 253
10.4.2 Hooded staminodes......Page 256
10.4.4 Flower types......Page 257
10.5.1 Mechanical isolation......Page 258
10.5.2 Ethological isolation......Page 260
10.5.3 Geographical isolation......Page 261
10.6 Conclusion......Page 262
Acknowledgements......Page 263
10.7 References......Page 264
11.1 Introduction......Page 268
11.3.2 Flower formation (Fig 11.2A–D)......Page 269
11.3.4 Corolla (Fig 11.4A–G)......Page 270
11.3.6 Gynoecium (Figs 11.5E–F, 11.7A–H, 11.8A–E)......Page 274
11.4.1 Inflorescence and floral orientation......Page 278
11.4.3 Corolla......Page 280
11.4.5 Pollen and pollination......Page 281
11.4.6 Gynoecium......Page 282
11.4.7 Is multicarpelly a ‘primitive’ (plesiomorphic) condition in Leguminosae?......Page 285
Acknowledgements......Page 286
11.6 References......Page 287
12.1 Introduction......Page 291
12.3 Results......Page 294
12.4 Discussion......Page 302
12.5 Conclusions......Page 305
12.6 References......Page 306
Taxon index......Page 308
Subject index......Page 317
Systematics Association Publications......Page 323