Flow and Fracture of Rocks

Geophysical Monograph SeriesAmerican Geophysical Union......Page 1
Flow and Fracture of Rocks......Page 3
Flow and Fracture of Rocks......Page 4
Foreword......Page 8
Contents......Page 11
Experimental Folding of Rocks under Confining Pressure:Buckling of Single-Layer Rock Beams......Page 12
APPARATUS......Page 13
Sample Preparation and Starting Material......Page 14
LUEDERS LIMESTONE......Page 17
INDIANA LIMESTONE......Page 19
PETROFABRIC RESULTS......Page 22
DISCUSSION......Page 32
CONCLUSIONS......Page 38
Plasticity of Single Crystals of Synthetic Quartz......Page 40
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS......Page 41
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 45
OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPEOBSERVATIONS......Page 47
DISCUSSION......Page 56
Transmission Electron Microscope Investigation of Some Naturally Deformed Quartzites......Page 65
GEOLOGICAL SETTING FOR SPECIMENS......Page 66
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY......Page 68
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY......Page 70
DISCUSSION......Page 73
Preferred Orientation of Quartz Produced by Mechanical Dauphine Twinning: Thermodynamics and Axial Experiments......Page 77
THERMODYNAMICS......Page 78
EXPRESSIONS FOR ENERGY DIFFERENCE......Page 82
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 84
DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 88
METHODS OF APPLICATION TO NATURALLY DEFORMED ROCKS......Page 90
Orientation Distribution Diagrams for Three Yule Marble Fabrics......Page 93
PREFERRED ORIENTATION IN TERMS OFEULER ANGLES......Page 94
DERIVATION OF THE ODE......Page 97
INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIENTATIONDISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM......Page 100
CONCLUSION......Page 104
Some Observations on Translation Gliding and Kinking in Experimentally Deformed Calcite and Dolomite......Page 105
SENSE OF r TRANSLATION IN CALCITE......Page 106
KINKING IN DOLOMITE......Page 109
RESULTS......Page 112
DISCUSSION......Page 115
EXPERIMENTS......Page 118
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 119
DEFORMATION MECHANISM......Page 121
CONCLUSIONS AND SPECULATIONS......Page 124
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Experimentally Deformed Olivine Crystals......Page 125
DEFORMATION EXPERIMENTS......Page 126
METHODS OF STUDY......Page 128
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 129
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 143
Deformation Processes in the Upper Mantle......Page 147
SPECIMENS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES......Page 148
Naturally Deformed Peridotites......Page 149
DISCUSSION......Page 161
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 163
Seismic Velocity Anisotropy Calculated for Ultramafic Minerals and Aggregates......Page 165
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF AN AGGREGATE......Page 166
VELOCITY OF PLANE WAVES IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA......Page 167
VELOCITY SURFACES FOR MINERALS......Page 168
VELOCITY VARIATION IN A MONOMINERALIC AGGREGATE......Page 169
VELOCITY VARIATION IN A POLYMINERALIC AGGREGATE......Page 170
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 173
Seismic Anisotropy, Flow, and Constitution of the Upper Mantle......Page 175
FLOW PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES IN THE UPPER MANTLE......Page 176
EXPERIMENTAL SYNTECTONIC RECRYSTALLIZATION......Page 181
Peridotite......Page 185
Garnet clinopyroxenites and eclogites......Page 189
RESULTS......Page 191
Steady-State Flow in Polycrystalline Halite at Pressure of 2 Kilobars......Page 199
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE......Page 200
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 203
DISCUSSION......Page 212
GEOLOGICAL APPLICATION......Page 213
Experimental Recrystallization of Ice Under Stress......Page 218
PURPOSE......Page 219
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS......Page 220
FLOW BEHAVIOR......Page 225
TEXTURAL CHANGES DURING FLOW......Page 228
SYNTECTONIC RECRYSTALLIZATION FABRICS......Page 229
EFFECTS OF RECRYSTALLIZATION ON FLOW......Page 237
PHYSICAL FACTORS GOVERNINGRECRYSTALLIZATION......Page 240
CAUSES OF CRYSTAL REORIENTATION......Page 242
COMPARISON WITH GLACIER ICE......Page 245
IMPLICATIONS FOR TECTONOPHYSICS......Page 247
Deformation of Non-Newtonian Materials in Simple Shear......Page 249
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS......Page 251
DEFORMATION BY SHEAR......Page 253
EXAMPLES OF STRESS AND STRAIN STATESDEVELOPED DURING INHOMOGENEOUSSIMPLE SHEAR......Page 256
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 261
NEAREST-NEIGHBOR MODEL......Page 265
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS......Page 266
MODEL FOR AFTERSHOCKS......Page 267
EFFECTIVE PRESSURE......Page 270
CAVITIES IN ROCKS......Page 271
CRACK CLOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS......Page 273
APPLICATIONS......Page 277
Faulting and Crustal Stress at Rangely, Colorado......Page 279
STRESS MEASUREMENTS......Page 280
EFFECTIVE STRESS DURING FAULTING......Page 284
CONCLUSIONS......Page 285
APPENDIX......Page 286
Plate Tectonics, the Analogy with Glacier Flow, and Isostasy......Page 289
PILEDRIVER EXPERIMENT......Page 297
POSTSHOT CORES......Page 303
PLASTICITY......Page 308
RESUME AND DISCUSSION......Page 314
APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL DATAON PILEDRIVER EVENT......Page 315
SHOCK CONDITIONS......Page 316
LIMITING CASES......Page 317
COMPRESSION......Page 318
HYDROMAGNETIC SHOCKS......Page 319
CHANGE OF ENTROPY......Page 320
PRECISION DESIRED......Page 322
TESTS OF PRECISION......Page 323
COST......Page 327
Oscillating Disk Dynamo and Geomagnetism......Page 328
TWO COUPLED DISK DYNAMOS......Page 329
Notes on Geyser Temperatures in Iceland and Yellowstone National Park'......Page 332
GREAT GEYSIR OF ICELAND......Page 333
TEMPERATURES IN YELLOWSTONE GEYSERS......Page 334
OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER......Page 335
LION GEYSER......Page 337
SAPPHIRE POOL......Page 338
DISCUSSION......Page 339
References......Page 340