Flocculation: Processes and Applications

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Flocculant Polysaccharides  Mainly from Plants
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Short Summary on Polysaccharides
	3. General Aspects of the Flocculation Process
		3.1. Mechanisms of Polysaccharide Bio-Based Flocculant
		3.2. The Effect of Physical-Chemical Factors on Flocculating Activity
	4. Plant Flocculant Polysaccharides
		4.1. Cellulose
		4.2. Starch
		4.3. Pectin
		4.4. Other Polysaccharide´ Flocculants Derived from Plants
	5. Flocculant Polysaccharides of Non-Plant Sourced
		5.1. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Bacteria
		5.2. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Fungi
		5.3. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Algae
		5.4. Flocculant Polysaccharides in Animals
			5.4.1. Chitosan
	6. Polysaccharide Flocculants for  Wastewater Applications
		6.1. Dyes Removal
		6.2. Cleaning of Heavy Metal Ions
		6.3. Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluents
		6.4. Removal of Agricultural and Food Contaminants
	Conclusion
	References
	Biographical Sketch
Chapter 2
Coagulation and Flocculation  with Plant Extracts
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Conventional Coagulants
	Plants with Coagulation Capacities
	Selection of Plants with the Potential to Produce Biopolymers for Coagulation and Water Flocculation
	Biopolymer Extraction Methodologies
		Extraction of the Plants Melocactus sp, Opuntia dilleni, Stenocereus griseus, Cereus forbesii, Aloe arborescens and Aloe vera
	Extraction of Cicer Arietinum Coagulant
	Tests of the Biopolymers Obtained
		Preparation of the Solutions for Coagulation and Flocculation of Melocactus sp, Opuntia dilleni, Stenocereus griseus, Cereus forbesii, Aloe arborescens and Aloe vera
		Preparation of Coagulation Solutions of Cicer arietinum L
		Control Parameters in Rockrose Tests
	Results of Jar Tests with Natural Coagulant Biopolymers
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
	Biographical Sketch
Chapter 3
The Process of Water Treatment  with Aluminum Sulphate Associated with the Application of the Cactus Opuntia Cochenillifera
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Flocculation: Mechanisms and Applications for Wastewater Treatment
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Stability of Particles in Water
	3. Principles of Flocculation
		Destabilization with Inorganic Salts
		Destabilization with Surfactants
		Destabilization by Oily Agglomeration
		Destabilization with Aquasoluble Polymers
	4. Principles of Flocculation  Hydrodynamic Mixing
	5.  Flocculation Processes
		Hydraulic Flocculators
			Baffled Flocculators
			Helical Flow Flocculators
			Alabama Flocculator
			Cox Flocculator
		Mechanical Flocculators
			Vanes
			Impellers (Turbine and Propeller)
	6. Pneumatic Flocculators or  Air-Assisted Floculation
	7. Flocculation Applications
		Flocs Generator Reactor (FGR)
		Bioflocculation in Wastewater Treatment Plants
	References
Chapter 5
Flocculation of AOM  in Water Treatment
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. What Is AOM
		2.1. Origin of AOM
		2.2. Composition of AOM
			2.2.1. AOM Peptides/Proteins
			2.2.2. AOM Carbohydrates
		2.3. Properties of AOM Related to Water Treatment
			2.3.1. Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity
			2.3.2. Molecular Weight Distribution
			2.3.3. Charge
	3. Flocculation of AOM
	4. Impact of AOM on Coagulation  of Other Impurities
		4.1. Inorganic Particles
		4.2. Humic Substances
		4.3. Algal Cells
	5. AOM as a Coagulant
	6. Influence of AOM on Floc Properties
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Biographical Sketch
Chapter 6
Comparison of Natural Coagulant and Chemistry in Tanning Wastewater Treatment Using the Flocculation Process
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Moringa oleifera Seed Use in Salina Solution in Water Treatment in Lentic Bodies
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Evaluating New Biopolyelectrolytes for  the Meat Processing Wastewater Treatment via Coagulation-Flocculation
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Experimental
		2.1. Wastewater Sampling
		2.2. Zeta Potential f (pH) Profiles of the Industrial Wastewater and BPE
		2.3. Wastewater Coagulation-Flocculation Tests Using BPE
	3. Results and Discussion
		3.1. Meat Processing Wastewater
		3.2. f (pH) Profiles of the BPE
		3.3. Coagulation-Flocculation Tests with Biopolyelectrolytes
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 9
Treatment of Residual Waters of  the Brewery Industry through  the Flocculation Process with  the Use of Inorganic  and Organic Coagulants
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
Application of Electrocoagulation with Voltage Variation to Obtain Potable Water
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
An Evaluation of the Performance of the Coagulation/Flocculation Process with Aluminum and Ferric Salts on the Removal of Algal Toxins
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Algae Culture
		Natural Water
		Chemicals
		Coagulation/Flocculation Experiment
		Analytical Method
			Turbidity
			Determination of Intracellular and Extracellular Microcystins
	Results and Discussion
		Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Coagulation/Flocculation
		Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Aluminum Sulphate
		Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Ferric Chloride
		Removal of Microcystins and Turbidity by Ferrous Sulphate
	Literature Review
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Treatment of Leachate from the Ouled Berjal Landfill in Morocco by  Coagulation Flocculation:  A Study of the Effect of Order for  Reagent Introduction
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Coagulation Flocculation Process
		Principle of the Process
			Coagulation or Destabilization of Particles
			Flocculation or Formation of Flocs
		Coagulants Used
			Mineral Coagulants
			Organic Coagulants
			Bio-Coagulants
		Floculants Used
	Materials and Methods
		Sanitary Landfill Leachate Sample
		2.2. Analytical Methods
		Reagents Used
			Ferric Chloride
			Polyacrylamide Himoloc
			Chitosan
			Flocculant Superfloc SD2065
	Results and Discussion
		Monitoring of Leachate Flow over Time
		Characteristics of Ouled Berjal Landfill Leachate
			Variation of pH
			Variation of COD and BOD5
			Variation of Turbidity, SS and Color
			Variation of Conductivity
			Variation of Phenol
			Variation of Surfactants
			Variation of Total Phosphorus
			Variation of Absorbance at 254nm
			Variation of Ammonium Ions
			Variation of Nitrates
		Characteristics of Leachate Used in this Study
	Leachate Treatment Using Different Flocculants  Mixed with Ferric Chloride
		Elimination of Abs at 254nm
		Elimination of Phenol
		Elimination of COD
		Volume of Sludge
		Elimination of Turbidity
		Elimination of Color
		Conclusion
	Effect of Order of Introduction of the Reagents on the Efficiency of Coagulation Flocculation Treatment
		Elimination of Turbidity
		Elimination of COD
		Elimination of Color
		Elimination of Phosphorus
		Volume of Sludge
		Elimination of Abs at 254nm
		Elimination of Phenol and Surfactant
		Elimination of Nitrogen Compounds
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 13
OMW Pretreatment by Assisted Sedimentation Methods: Coagulation/Flocculation
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Factors Involved in Flocculation as a Pretreatment
		2.1. Mixing Conditions
		2.2. pH Effect
		2.3. Temperature Influence
		2.4. Classification and Coagulant Dosage
	3. Combination of Flocculation with Other  Operations in OMW Treatment
	4. New Trends
	References
Chapter 14
Chitosan Based Flocculants for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Materials
		Apparatus
		Preparation of Chitosan Flocculants
		Solubility Tests
		Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution
		UV-vis Spectroscopic Titration
		Zeta Potential Measurements
	Results and Discussion
		Preparation of Chitosan Flocculants
		Structural Characterization of Chitosan Flocculants
		Solubility of Chitosan Flocculants
		Effect of pH on the Removal of Cu(II)
		Complexation Stoichiometry
		Effect of Complexation Stoichiometry on the Removal of Cu(II)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Determination of the Kinetic Coefficient  of Aggregation and the Kinetic Coefficient of Rupture in the Turbidity Removal Process
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Results
	Conclusion
	References
Index
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