Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation

Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Series foreword......Page 15
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
List of contributors......Page 23
1.1 The fascination of flatfishes......Page 27
1.2 A brief history of flatfish research and its contribution to fish biology and fisheries science......Page 28
1.3 Scope and contents of the book......Page 29
1.4 Nomenclature......Page 33
References......Page 34
2.1 Introduction......Page 36
2.2 Systematic profile of the Pleuronectiformes......Page 40
2.3 Intrarelationships of the Pleuronectiformes......Page 41
2.4 Brief synopses of the suborders and families......Page 43
2.5.2 Flatfish species diversity......Page 47
2.5.4 Standing diversity estimate for species of Pleuronectiformes......Page 49
2.5.5 Relative diversity of the Pleuronectiformes......Page 51
2.6.1 History......Page 52
2.6.2.1 Systematic activities......Page 54
2.6.2.2 Geographic region......Page 56
2.6.2.3 Depth......Page 57
2.6.2.4 Size......Page 58
2.7 Conclusions......Page 60
References......Page 62
3.1 Introduction......Page 68
3.2 Geographic distribution of pleuronectiform lineages......Page 71
3.3.1 Latitudinal gradients in species richness......Page 75
3.3.2 Tropical and subtropical regions......Page 76
3.3.3 Temperate regions......Page 77
3.3.5 Insular versus continental regions......Page 78
3.4.1 Freshwater environments......Page 80
3.4.2 Antarctic Ocean......Page 81
3.4.4 Shallow-water versus deep-sea habitats......Page 83
3.5 Historical biogeography......Page 84
3.5.2 Achiridae......Page 85
3.5.4 New World tropical flatfishes......Page 86
3.5.5 Indo-West Pacific region......Page 87
References......Page 89
4.2.2 Spawning mode......Page 94
4.2.3 Egg size......Page 95
4.2.4 Spawning season......Page 96
4.2.5 Duration of spawning......Page 98
4.3.2 Ovary......Page 99
4.3.3 Fecundity......Page 101
4.3.4 Geographical pattern in fecundity......Page 103
4.3.5 Batch spawning......Page 104
4.4 Age and size at first maturation......Page 105
4.5.1 Energetics of reproduction and growth......Page 107
4.5.4 Sexual dimorphism in reproduction and growth......Page 110
4.6 Contaminants and reproduction......Page 111
References......Page 113
5.1 Introduction: the problem......Page 120
5.2.1 Variations in form and function......Page 122
5.2.2 Variations in time and space in the plankton......Page 124
5.3.1.1 Wind-forcing/Ekman transport......Page 125
5.3.1.3 Estuarine circulation......Page 126
5.3.2 Models......Page 129
5.4 Adaptations to transport conditions: geographical and species comparisons......Page 131
5.4.1 Comparisons among species within a geographic region......Page 132
5.4.2 Congeneric comparisons in different regions......Page 135
5.4.3 Conspecific comparisons in different geographic areas......Page 136
5.4.4 Local adaptations......Page 137
5.5.2 Recruitment......Page 138
References......Page 140
6.1 Introduction......Page 146
6.2 Range of distribution......Page 147
6.3 Average recruitment levels......Page 149
6.4 Recruitment variability......Page 151
6.4.1 Processes influencing recruitment variability......Page 153
6.4.2 Recruitment variability in flatfishes relative to other marine fish species......Page 156
References......Page 158
7.1 Introduction......Page 164
7.2.1 Larvae and juveniles......Page 165
7.2.2 Adults......Page 166
7.3.2 Factors affecting larval growth......Page 167
7.4 Growth during metamorphosis......Page 168
7.5.1 Growth models/growth experiments......Page 172
7.5.2 Maximum achievable growth and evidence for deviations from maximum growth......Page 173
7.5.3 Growth compensation/depensation......Page 174
7.6.1 Factors affecting adult growth rates......Page 175
7.7 Longevity......Page 176
References......Page 179
8.2 Definitions......Page 190
8.3 Distribution and ontogeny......Page 191
8.3.1 Juvenile habitat associations......Page 194
8.3.2 Late juvenile and adult habitat associations......Page 196
8.3.3.1 Tidal, diel and seasonal cycles......Page 197
8.4 Future emphasis......Page 201
References......Page 202
9.1 Introduction......Page 211
9.2.1 Polychaete and crustacean eaters	......Page 212
9.2.2 Piscivores......Page 219
9.2.3 Specialists......Page 221
9.2.4.3 Ontogeny......Page 222
9.3 Flatfish predators......Page 223
9.4 Flatfish competitors......Page 224
9.5.1 Shifts in abundance and species composition......Page 225
9.5.2 Potential competitive interactions......Page 227
9.5.3 Predation by flatfishes......Page 228
9.6 Summary and conclusions......Page 229
References......Page 230
10.2.1 Locomotion......Page 239
10.2.3 Burying......Page 241
10.4.1 Spawning behaviour......Page 242
10.5.2 Feeding behaviour......Page 245
10.5.2.2 Encounter/detection......Page 246
10.5.2.4 Ingestion......Page 247
10.5.3.1 External factors......Page 248
10.6.1.1 Reducing encounter and detection probability......Page 249
10.6.1.2 Burial and substratum selection......Page 250
10.6.3 Effect of size on vulnerability and avoidance of ingestion......Page 251
10.7 Movements, migration and rhythms......Page 252
10.8.1 Fishing......Page 254
Acknowledgements......Page 256
References......Page 257
11.2.1 Northwest Atlantic......Page 266
11.2.1.3 Deep-slope dwellers......Page 269
11.2.2 Northeast Atlantic......Page 270
11.2.3.1 Southwest Atlantic......Page 274
11.2.3.2 Southeast Atlantic......Page 276
11.3.1 Northwest Atlantic......Page 277
11.3.1.1 West Greenland......Page 278
11.3.1.2 Canada......Page 279
11.3.1.3 USA......Page 280
11.3.2 Northeast Atlantic......Page 281
11.3.3 Southern Atlantic......Page 283
11.4.1 Northwest Atlantic......Page 284
11.4.1.3 USA......Page 285
11.4.1.4 Employment......Page 286
11.4.2 Northeast Atlantic......Page 287
11.4.3 Southern Atlantic......Page 288
11.5.1.1 International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF)......Page 289
11.5.1.3 Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)......Page 290
11.5.2 Northeast Atlantic......Page 291
11.5.3 Southern Atlantic......Page 293
References......Page 295
12.2 Main species and nature of fisheries......Page 298
12.3.1 General account......Page 304
12.3.2 Republic of Korea......Page 305
12.3.5 Canada......Page 306
12.3.6 USA......Page 307
12.3.7 New Zealand......Page 308
12.4 Economic importance......Page 309
12.5.1 Western North Pacific......Page 310
12.5.2 Eastern North Pacific......Page 311
12.5.3 Australia and New Zealand......Page 312
12.5.4 Data collection......Page 313
References......Page 314
13.1 Introduction......Page 318
13.2.1 Habitats......Page 319
13.2.2 Commercially important species and/or taxa......Page 322
13.2.3 Nature of the fisheries......Page 323
13.2.4 Types of gear employed......Page 324
13.2.5 Harvest on spawning concentrations, migrating stocks and impacts on recruitment......Page 325
13.2.6 Industrial versus artisanal characteristics of the fisheries......Page 326
13.3.1 Commercial landings......Page 327
13.3.2 Geographic occurrence and historical landings......Page 328
13.4.1 Economic importance......Page 334
13.4.2 Human importance......Page 335
13.5.1 Fishery conflicts, regulations and management......Page 336
13.5.2 Conservation......Page 338
References......Page 339
14.1 Concepts and terms......Page 345
14.2 Population dynamics, assessment and management......Page 347
14.2.1 Stock and recruitment......Page 349
14.2.2 Recruitment, environment, assessment and management......Page 358
14.2.3 Assessment, management and uncertainty......Page 360
14.3.2 Northwest Atlantic......Page 361
14.3.3 Northeast Atlantic......Page 366
Acknowledgements......Page 367
References......Page 368
15.1 Introduction......Page 373
15.2.1.1 Manipulation of spawning time......Page 374
15.2.2.1 Live food......Page 376
15.2.2.2 Formulated feeds......Page 377
15.2.4 Juvenile quality......Page 378
15.2.5 Genetic improvement......Page 379
15.3 Intensive farming......Page 380
15.4 Stock enhancement......Page 382
15.4.2.1 Background......Page 383
15.4.2.2 Objectives and effectiveness of stock enhancement......Page 384
15.4.2.3 Technology for stock enhancement......Page 389
15.5 Conclusions......Page 391
References......Page 392
Appendix 1......Page 399
Appendix 2......Page 403
Index of scientific and common names......Page 405
Subject index......Page 413