Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Temperate Himalayas

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Fish and Fisheries of the Temperate Himalayas: An Overview and Way Forward
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Fishery Resources in Temperate Region
	1.3 Fish Fauna and Fish Production Trend in Temperate Region
	1.4 Potential of Temperate Fisheries and Aquaculture to Support Livelihood
	1.5 Subtle Issues and Hazards in Temperate Fisheries
		1.5.1 Infrastructure and Policy-Related Issues
		1.5.2 Conservation-Related Issues
		1.5.3 Habitat Destruction
		1.5.4 Introduction of Exotic Species
		1.5.5 Impact of Climate Change
	1.6 Consideration Required for Further Development
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: Fishery Resources and Ichthyofaunal Diversity in the Temperate Himalayas
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Ichthyodiversity
	2.3 Major Fisheries in the Himalayas
		2.3.1 Snow Trout Fisheries
		2.3.2 Mahseer Fisheries
		2.3.3 Loach Fisheries
		2.3.4 Garrid Fisheries
		2.3.5 Baril Fisheries
		2.3.6 Carp Fisheries
		2.3.7 Exotic Species
	2.4 Concerns
	2.5 Management
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3: Mapping of the Himalayan Surface Waters Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Tools: An Overview of Single...
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Techniques for Extraction of Surface Waters Using Satellite Images
		3.2.1 Single Band-Based Techniques/Methods
			3.2.1.1 Thresholding Techniques: Intensity- and Histogram-Based and Density Slicing
			3.2.1.2 Segmentation Based on Simple Linear Iterative Clustering
			3.2.1.3 Segmentation Using an Active Contour Model
	3.3 Important GIS Resources, Software, and Database
	3.4 Case Studies
		3.4.1 Case Study 1
		3.4.2 Case Study 2
		3.4.3 Case Study 3
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4: Fisheries Development in Open Water Resources of the Temperate Himalaya
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Major Rivers/Streams in the Temperate Himalayas and Their Fishery
	4.3 Major Reservoirs/Dams in Temperate Himalaya and Their Fishery
		4.3.1 Reservoirs in Himachal Pradesh
		4.3.2 Reservoirs in Uttarakhand
		4.3.3 Reservoirs in Jammu and Kashmir
		4.3.4 Reservoirs in Sikkim
		4.3.5 Reservoirs in Northeastern Indian States
	4.4 Major Lakes in Indian Himalayas and Their Fishery
	4.5 Major Challenges and Constraints in Open Water Fisheries Development
	4.6 Strategies for Enhancing Fish Production and Livelihood Opportunities from Himalayan Open Waters
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5: Diversity and Threat to Cold-Water Fishes of the Torsa River at the Terai Region of West Bengal, India
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Experimental Survey of the Torsa River
	5.3 Composition, Abundance, and Diversity of Phytoplankton
	5.4 Fish Diversity, Conservation Status, and Threats
	5.5 Small Indigenous Fish (SIF) Catch Analysis
	5.6 Electrofishing in the River
	5.7 Assessment of Livelihood Support and Community Knowledge Related to Fishes
	5.8 Gender Desegregation for Activities Performed by Men and Women
	5.9 Women´s Access and Control over Resources
	5.10 Fishery: A Sociocultural Attribute of the Rabha Tribes-A Case Study
	5.11 Conclusion
	References
6: The Endangered Mighty Mahseer (Tor putitora) in the Himalayan Waters
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Geographical Distribution
	6.3 Major Threats and Population Status of Golden Mahseer
	6.4 Food and Feeding Habits
	6.5 Reproductive Biology
	6.6 Captive Breeding Technology and Seed Production
	6.7 Mahseer Conservation Strategies
	6.8 Recreational Fishing and Ecotourism Prospects
	6.9 Conclusion
	References
7: Aquaculture Practices in the Temperate Himalayan Region
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Historical Perspective of Aquaculture in the Himalayan Region
	7.3 Aquaculture Trends in the Himalayas
		7.3.1 Carp Farming
		7.3.2 Monoculture of Common Carp (C. Carpio)
		7.3.3 Culture of Exotic Carps in Mid-altitudes
		7.3.4 Integrated Fish Culture in Polytanks
		7.3.5 Culture of Pengba Along with Exotic Chinese Carps
		7.3.6 Jhora Fishery for Rural Aquaculture
		7.3.7 Paddy-Fish Culture in Northeast Region of India
		7.3.8 Integrated Fish-Pig Farming in the Northeast Region of India
		7.3.9 Rainbow Trout Farming
		7.3.10 Entrepreneurship with Ornamental Fishes
		7.3.11 Carp Farming at Higher Altitudes
		7.3.12 Rearing of Rainbow Trout and Mahseer Seed in Floating Cages
	7.4 Constraints in Hill Aquaculture Development
	7.5 Species Diversification for Hill Aquaculture Development
	7.6 Need for Intensification of Rainbow Trout Farming
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8: Status and Prospects of Rainbow Trout Farming in the Himalayan Waters
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Salmon and Trout
	8.3 Global Translocations of Rainbow Trout: A Brief History
	8.4 Global Trend of Trout Farming and Production
	8.5 Rainbow Trout Farming in the Himalayan Regions
		8.5.1 Rainbow Trout Farming in China
		8.5.2 Rainbow Trout Farming in Nepal
		8.5.3 Rainbow Trout Farming in India
	8.6 Issues and Strategies for Future Expansion
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9: Fisheries and Aquaculture of Snow Trouts in the Trans-Himalayan Region
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Schizothoracinae Distribution
	9.3 Habitat
	9.4 Feeding Habits
	9.5 Trial on Artificial Feeding
	9.6 Growth and Reproductive Biology
	9.7 Artificial Breeding of Schizothorax Richardsonii
		9.7.1 Stripping and Fertilization
		9.7.2 Incubation of Fertilized Eggs
		9.7.3 Embryonic Development
	9.8 Health Issues in Captive and Wild Stocks
		9.8.1 Fungal Infections
		9.8.2 Argulosis
	9.9 Threats to Snow Trout Fishery
	9.10 Conservation Strategies
	9.11 Conclusion
	References
10: Ornamental Fisheries in Hindu Kush Himalayan Region
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Geography, Ornamental Fish Diversity, and Challenges
		10.2.1 Nepal
		10.2.2 Bhutan
		10.2.3 China
		10.2.4 Afghanistan
		10.2.5 Pakistan
		10.2.6 Bangladesh
		10.2.7 Myanmar
		10.2.8 India
	10.3 Indigenous Ornamental Fishes of India: Their Importance and Prospects
		10.3.1 Snakeheads, Channa spp.
		10.3.2 Algae Eaters, Garra spp.
		10.3.3 Loaches
		10.3.4 Hill Trouts
		10.3.5 Barbs
		10.3.6 Badis spp.
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11: Recirculating Aquaculture System for Intensive Fish Farming in Indian Himalayan Region: An Overview
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 More Crop Per Drop and RAS as a Climate-Smart Farming Solution to Productivity and Production Issues
	11.3 Things to Consider Before Starting Fish Farming in RAS
	11.4 Principle for the System Design
	11.5 Water Quality Monitoring and Management
		11.5.1 Temperature
		11.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen
		11.5.3 Carbon Dioxide
		11.5.4 Ammonia
		11.5.5 Nitrite and Nitrate
		11.5.6 Total Suspended Solids
		11.5.7 pH, Alkalinity and Hardness
	11.6 Components of RAS Culture System
		11.6.1 Culture Tanks
		11.6.2 Solid Removal Systems
			11.6.2.1 Settling Units
			11.6.2.2 Microscreen Filter
			11.6.2.3 Foam Fractionators
		11.6.3 Biological Filter
			Box 11.1
			Box 11.2
			11.6.3.1 Moving Bed Biological Reactor
			11.6.3.2 Gravel Bed Biofilter
			11.6.3.3 Fluidized Sand Filter
		11.6.4 Degassing Unit: For Removal of Carbon Dioxide
		11.6.5 Aeration and Oxygenation
		11.6.6 Disinfection System
		11.6.7 Water Pumps
		11.6.8 Heating and Cooling System
		11.6.9 Monitoring Equipment, Emergency Systems and Backups
	11.7 Growing Fish in RAS
	11.8 Feed and Feeding
	11.9 Depuration
	11.10 Waste Management
	11.11 Status of RAS in India
	11.12 Challenges
	11.13 Opportunities and Way Forward
	References
12: Coldwater Fish Nutrition in the Indian Himalayas
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Nutrition and Feeding of Rainbow Trout
		12.2.1 Feeding Biology
		12.2.2 Nutritional Requirements
		12.2.3 Practical Diets and Feeding Practices
	12.3 Nutrition and Feeding of Common Carp
		12.3.1 Feeding Biology
		12.3.2 Nutritional Requirements
		12.3.3 Practical Diets and Feeding Practices
	12.4 Nutrition and Feeding of Snow Trout
		12.4.1 Feeding Biology
		12.4.2 Nutritional Requirements
		12.4.3 Practical Diets and Feeding Practices
	12.5 Nutrition and Feeding of Golden Mahseer
		12.5.1 Feeding Biology
		12.5.2 Nutritional Requirements
		12.5.3 Practical Diets and Feeding Practices
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13: Molecular Characterization and Population Structure of the Important Himalayan Fish Species
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Genetic Diversity
		13.2.1 Golden Mahseer (Tor putitora)
		13.2.2 Chocolate Mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis)
		13.2.3 Snow Trout (Schizothorax richardsonii)
		13.2.4 Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
		13.2.5 Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario)
		13.2.6 Hill Trouts (Barilius spp.) and Other Himalayan Species
	13.3 Conclusion
	References
14: Prospects and Challenges of Molecular Interventions for Enhancing Aquaculture Production in the Temperate Himalayas
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Biotechnology in Fish Breeding
	14.3 Genetically Engineered Fish/Transgenic Fish
	14.4 Production of Sterile Offspring
	14.5 Taping Potential Role of Kisspeptin in Sexual Maturity and Reproduction of Reproductive Dysfunctional Fish in Temperate A...
	14.6 Fish Health Management
	14.7 Transgenes´ Pleiotropic Impact on Disease Resistance
	14.8 Chromosome Engineering
	14.9 Gamete Cryopreservation or Gene Banking
	14.10 Genome Editing in Fish
	14.11 Techniques for Genome Editing (GE)
		14.11.1 Limitations of CRISPR/Cas Use in Aquaculture
	14.12 Conclusion and Perspective of Genome Editing Tool
	References
15: An Overview of Cold-Water Fish Diseases and Their Control Measures
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Bacterial Diseases in Temperate Aquaculture
		15.2.1 Lactococcosis
			15.2.1.1 Aetiology
			15.2.1.2 Clinical Signs
			15.2.1.3 Histopathological Lesions
			15.2.1.4 Control
		15.2.2 Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS)
			15.2.2.1 Etiological Agent
			15.2.2.2 Clinical Signs
			15.2.2.3 Histopathological Lesions
			15.2.2.4 Control
		15.2.3 Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome (RTFS)
			15.2.3.1 Aetiology
			15.2.3.2 Clinical Signs
			15.2.3.3 Histopathology
			15.2.3.4 Control
		15.2.4 Columnaris Disease/Saddle-Back Disease
			15.2.4.1 Etiological Agent
			15.2.4.2 Clinical Signs
			15.2.4.3 Histopathology
		15.2.5 Cold-Water Disease (CWD)
			15.2.5.1 Etiological Agent
			15.2.5.2 Clinical Signs
		15.2.6 Bacterial Gill Disease
			15.2.6.1 Clinical Signs
		15.2.7 Miscellaneous Bacterial Diseases in Cool and Cold-Water Aquaculture
	15.3 Viral Diseases
		15.3.1 Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus
			15.3.1.1 Gross Pathology
			15.3.1.2 Histopathology
		15.3.2 Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus
			15.3.2.1 Aetiological Agent
			15.3.2.2 Clinical Signs
			15.3.2.3 Histopathology
		15.3.3 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV)
			15.3.3.1 Aetiological Agent
			15.3.3.2 Clinical Signs
			15.3.3.3 Histopathology
	15.4 Transmission of IHNV, VHSV and IPNV
	15.5 Control Measures of Viral Diseases
	15.6 Parasitic Diseases
		15.6.1 White Spot Disease
			15.6.1.1 Treatment
		15.6.2 Costiasis
			15.6.2.1 Treatment
		15.6.3 Trichodiniasis
			15.6.3.1 Treatment
		15.6.4 Trematode
			15.6.4.1 Preventive and Control Measures
		15.6.5 Gyrodactylosis
		15.6.6 Black Spot Disease
		15.6.7 Eye Disease of Rainbow Trout
		15.6.8 Argulosis
		15.6.9 Myxosporadian Parasites
		15.6.10 Whirling Diseases
	15.7 Control Measures for Cold-Water Fish Diseases
		15.7.1 Methods of Treatment
			15.7.1.1 Flush Treatment
			15.7.1.2 Dip Treatment
			15.7.1.3 Bath Treatment
			15.7.1.4 Oral Route
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
16: Oomycetes: Fungal-Like Menace in Cold-Water Aquaculture
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Oomycetes: Fungal-Like Organism
	16.3 Saprolegniasis
	16.4 A Typical Life Cycle of Saprolegnia sp.
		16.4.1 Asexual Reproduction
		16.4.2 Sexual Reproduction
	16.5 Morphological Identification
		16.5.1 Saprolegnia parasitica
		16.5.2 Saprolegnia australis
		16.5.3 Saprolegnia diclina
		16.5.4 Saprolegnia ferax
		16.5.5 Saprolegnia delica
	16.6 Symptoms of Saprolegnia Infections
	16.7 Molecular Description of Saprolegnia spp.
	16.8 Control of Saprolegnia sp. in Aquaculture
		16.8.1 Environment-Friendly Control Measures of Oomycetes Infections in Fishes
	16.9 Conclusion
	References
17: Antimicrobial Peptides: An Alternative to Antibiotics for Environment-Friendly Hill Aquaculture
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 History of Antimicrobial Peptides
	17.3 Fish Antimicrobial Peptide
		17.3.1 Piscidins
		17.3.2 Hepcidins
		17.3.3 Defensins
		17.3.4 Cathelicidins
	17.4 Mechanism of Action
	17.5 Artificial Designing of AMPs
	17.6 Production of AMPs
	17.7 Conclusion
	References
18: Advances in Detection Techniques for Fungus-like Organisms of Aquaculture Importance
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Morphological Identification
	18.3 Antibody-Based Detection
	18.4 Molecular Identification
		18.4.1 PCR and Sequencing
		18.4.2 Identification Without Sequencing
		18.4.3 Visual Detection
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
19: Nutritional Quality and Human Health Benefits of Important Cold-Water Fishes of the Indian Himalayas
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Fish as a Functional Food
	19.3 An Overview of the Nutritional Composition of Fish
	19.4 Fish as a Source of Protein
	19.5 Dietary Protein Contribution Potential
	19.6 Amino Acid Composition of Fish
	19.7 Amino Acid Score
	19.8 Fish Oil
	19.9 Fatty Acid Composition of Fishes
	19.10 Habitat and Food-Dependent Fatty Acid Dynamics in Fishes
	19.11 Seasonal Variation of Fatty Acids
	19.12 Fatty Acid Profile of Indian Himalayan Fishes
	19.13 Importance of Dietary N-3 LC-PUFAs and Contribution Potential of Cold-Water Fishes
	19.14 Minerals
	19.15 Fish as a Source of Dietary Minerals
		19.15.1 Mineral Composition of Cold-Water Fishes of Indian Himalaya
		19.15.2 Dietary Mineral Requirements and Dietary Contribution Potential
	19.16 Conclusion
	References
20: En Route to Aquaponics in Cold Water: Identifying the Gaps in Principles and System Design
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Integrating the Aquaculture with Hydroponics
	20.3 Principle of Aquaponics
	20.4 System Components and Design Principles
	20.5 Coupled Aquaponics System
		20.5.1 Closed One-Loop/Single Recirculating Aquaponics System
		20.5.2 Decoupled Aquaponics System
		20.5.3 Double- or Two-Loop Aquaponics System
		20.5.4 Three-Loop Aquaponics System
	20.6 Multi-Loop Aquaponics System
		20.6.1 Four-Loop Aquaponics System
	20.7 Flow-Through Aquaponics System
	20.8 Factors Affecting Aquaponics System Design: General Considerations
		20.8.1 Water Parameters (DO, Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate Level)
	20.9 Specific Parameter to Design Efficient Aquaponicss System
		20.9.1 Aquaponics Design Ratio
		20.9.2 Feed Input-to-Area Ratio (FAR)
		20.9.3 Volume Ratio (VR) or Component Ratio
		20.9.4 Area Ratio (AR)
	20.10 Nitrogen Cycle, Concentration, and Ratio
		20.10.1 Nitrogen Ratio
	20.11 Water Flow Rates and Hydrodynamic Characteristics
		20.11.1 Water Flow Rate
	20.12 Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR)
		20.12.1 Hydraulic Residence (Contact or Residence) Time
	20.13 Coupling Degree
	20.14 Hydroponics Unit Consideration
		20.14.1 Deep Water Culture (DWC)
		20.14.2 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
		20.14.3 Media Bed
	20.15 Aquaponics in Cold Water: Toward Adaptation and System Designs
		20.15.1 Flow-Through Aquaponics System
		20.15.2 Recirculatory Couple Single-Loop Aquaponics System
		20.15.3 Wetland Aquaponics
	20.16 Need for Cold-Water Aquaponics
	20.17 Issues of Cold-Water Aquaponics and Challenges
	20.18 Perspective and Conclusions
	References
21: Impact of Climate Change in Temperate Fisheries of the Himalayas and Possible Adaptation Approaches
	21.1 Climate Change
	21.2 Impact of Climate Change on the Aquatic Environment
	21.3 Impact on Inland Ecosystem
	21.4 Impact on Fisheries
	21.5 The Himalayan Region
	21.6 Resources
		21.6.1 Rivers
		21.6.2 Glaciers
		21.6.3 Lakes
	21.7 Fish Fauna of the Himalayan Region
	21.8 Climate Change Impact on Rainfall and Temperature in IHR
	21.9 Impact of Climate Change on Temperate Fisheries
	21.10 Possible Adaptation Approaches
	21.11 Conclusion
	References
22: Livelihood Opportunities with Recreational Fisheries and Ecotourism
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 History of Recreational Fisheries
	22.3 Recreational Fisheries in Indian Himalayas and Other Uplands
	22.4 Angling Sites in India
	22.5 Sport Fishing as a Form of Regional Run Ecotourism
	22.6 Co-Management of Ecotourism
	22.7 Role of Governance in Promoting Recreational Fisheries
	22.8 Benefits of Biodiversity and Ecotourism
	22.9 Recreational Fishing: A New Economic Opportunity in the Temperate Himalayan Region
	22.10 Conservation Approach and Concluding Remarks
	References
23: Design and Operational Principle of Recirculatory Aquaponic System in the Himalayas: Prospects and Challenges
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Principles
	23.3 Design of Aquaponic Systems
	23.4 Prospects and Challenges
	23.5 Conclusion
	References
24: Farm Design and Layout for Aquaculture Operations in the Temperate Himalayas
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Types of Fish Farming
	24.3 Layout Planning for a Fish Farm
		24.3.1 Land Area
		24.3.2 Water Supply
		24.3.3 Soil
		24.3.4 Proximity to a Market
		24.3.5 Availability of Infrastructure
		24.3.6 Access to Technical Advice
		24.3.7 Legal Issues
	24.4 Layout Planning of an Aquafarm
		24.4.1 Factors Influencing the Design of an Aquafarm
	24.5 Design of Fish Ponds
	24.6 Fish Pond Design Parameters
		24.6.1 Size
		24.6.2 Shape
		24.6.3 Depth
		24.6.4 Pond Bottom
	24.7 Types of Ponds
		24.7.1 Watershed Ponds
		24.7.2 Excavated Ponds
		24.7.3 Levee Ponds
	24.8 Ponds of the Himalayan Region
		24.8.1 Based on Source of Water
			24.8.1.1 Groundwater-Fed Ponds
			24.8.1.2 Bore-Well and Open-Well Water-Fed Ponds
			24.8.1.3 Rainwater-Fed Ponds
			24.8.1.4 Neighboring Water Body-Fed Pond
		24.8.2 Based on Methods of Draining
		24.8.3 Based on Construction Material
		24.8.4 Based on Construction Method
		24.8.5 Based on Landscaping Features
		24.8.6 Based on Usage of Fish Ponds
	24.9 Design and Construction of Dike
		24.9.1 Primary Dike
		24.9.2 Secondary Dike
		24.9.3 Tertiary Dike
		24.9.4 Design of Dike
			24.9.4.1 Height
			24.9.4.2 Free Board (FB)
			24.9.4.3 Allowance for Wave Action (Hwa)
			24.9.4.4 Flood Allowance (Hf)
			24.9.4.5 Settlement Allowance
			24.9.4.6 Calculation of Height of the Dike
		24.9.5 Crest (Top Width)
		24.9.6 Side Slope
		24.9.7 Berm
		24.9.8 Calculation of Cost of Construction
		24.9.9 Solution
	24.10 Conclusion
	References
25: Hydroelectric Projects: An Inevitable Challenge in Fisheries of the Temperate Himalaya
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 The Hydropower Projects
	25.3 The Major Impacts
	25.4 Mitigation Measures
	25.5 Fisheries Enhancement Programmes
	25.6 Conclusion
	References