Finnish: An Essential Grammar

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 The relation of Finnish to other languages
	1.2 The basic characteristics of Finnish
	1.3 What are the special difficulties?
Chapter 2 Pronunciation and sound structure
	2.1 Letters and sounds
	2.2 Vowels and consonants
	2.3 Short and long sounds
	2.4 Diphthongs
	2.5 Syllables
	2.6 Stress and intonation
	2.7 Vowel harmony
Chapter 3 Word structure
	3.1 Nominals and their endings
	3.2 Finite verb forms and their endings
	3.3 Non-finite verb forms and their endings
Chapter 4 Two important sound alternations
	4.1 Consonant gradation (p, t, k)
	4.2 Vowel changes before i endings
Chapter 5 The declension of nominals
	5.1 General
	5.2 Nominals with a basic form in short -i
	5.3 Nominals with a basic form in short -e
	5.4 Other nominals with vowel-final basic forms
	5.5 Nominals with a basic form ending in a consonant
	5.6 Singular and plural
Chapter 6 The conjugation of verbs
	6.1 Infinitive endings
	6.2 Inflectional stems
	6.3 Present tense personal endings and agreement of person
Chapter 7 Sentence structure
	7.1 Phrase types
	7.2 Simple clause types
	7.3 Negative sentences
	7.4 Questions and answers
	7.5 Types of complex sentences
Chapter 8 The nominative case and the partitive case
	8.1 Formation and use of the nominative
	8.2 Formation of the partitive
	8.3 Use of the partitive
Chapter 9 The genitive case, total objects and possessive endings
	9.1 Formation of the genitive
	9.2 Use of the genitive
	9.3 The total object
	9.4 Possessive endings
	9.5 Quantity adverbs taking an object case
Chapter 10 The six local cases
	10.1 General
	10.2 Inessive
	10.3 Elative
	10.4 Illative
	10.5 Adessive
	10.6 Ablative
	10.7 Allative
	10.8 Directional verbs
	10.9 Place names
Chapter 11 Other cases
	11.1 Essive
	11.2 Translative
	11.3 Abessive, comitative and instructive
Chapter 12 Numbers and numerals
	12.1 Cardinal numbers
	12.2 Ordinal numbers
Chapter 13 Pronouns
	13.1 Personal pronouns
	13.2 Demonstrative pronouns
	13.3 Interrogative pronouns
	13.4 Indefinite pronouns
	13.5 Relative pronouns
Chapter 14 Tenses
	14.1 Present tense
	14.2 Past tense
	14.3 Perfect tense
	14.4 Pluperfect tense
	14.5 Negative forms
	14.6 Expressing future time
Chapter 15 Moods
	15.1 Indicative
	15.2 Conditional
	15.3 Imperative
	15.4 Potential
Chapter 16 The passive
	16.1 General
	16.2 Passive present
	16.3 Passive past
	16.4 Passive perfect and pluperfect
	16.5 Passive moods
Chapter 17 Infinitives
	17.1 General
	17.2 A infinitive
	17.3 E infinitive
	17.4 MA infinitive
	17.5 MINEN infinitive
Chapter 18 Participles
	18.1 General
	18.2 VA participle active
	18.3 VA participle passive
	18.4 The NUT participles
	18.5 The participial construction
	18.6 The temporal construction
	18.7 The agent construction
Chapter 19 Comparison of adjectives
	19.1 Comparative
	19.2 Superlative
Chapter 20 Other word classes and clitics
	20.1 Adverbs
	20.2 Prepositions
	20.3 Postpositions
	20.4 Conjunctions
	20.5 Discourse particles
	20.6 Clitics
Chapter 21 Word formation
	21.1 General
	21.2 Derivation
	21.3 Compounding
Chapter 22 The colloquial spoken language
	22.1 General
	22.2 Omission and assimilation of sounds
	22.3 Differences of form
Appendix 1 Detecting word structure
Appendix 2 Material for studying Finnish as a foreign language
Index