Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage: A Methodological Analysis of Theory and Research

Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
LCC data......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 16
I. Foundations......Page 18
1. Mapping the field......Page 20
1.1. Grammar versus usage......Page 22
1.2. Language versus thought......Page 25
1.3. Symbols versus behavior......Page 27
1.4. Eight areas of research......Page 30
1.5.  Relations between areas of research......Page 34
1.6. Converging evidence and the role of methods: Main claims of this book......Page 36
1.7. Outlook......Page 40
2. The deductive approach......Page 44
2.1.1. From conceptual structure to cognitive process and product......Page 45
2.1.2. From conceptual structure to linguistic form......Page 48
2.2. Deductive and inductive approaches......Page 51
2.3.1. From conceptual metaphor to embodied, cultural experience......Page 54
2.3.2. Primary metaphors......Page 57
2.4. Alternative deductive approaches......Page 59
2.5. The diachronic dimension......Page 61
2.6. Conclusion......Page 62
3. Conceptualization......Page 64
3.1. Four models of metaphor......Page 65
3.1.1. The two-domain approach......Page 66
3.1.2. The many-space approach......Page 68
3.1.3. The class-inclusion approach......Page 69
3.1.4. The career of metaphor approach......Page 70
3.1.5. Parameters of metaphor models......Page 71
3.2. Metaphor and metonymy......Page 74
3.3. Metaphor and similarity......Page 78
3.4. Metaphor and comparison......Page 81
3.5. Metaphor and literal meaning......Page 83
3.6. Conclusion......Page 87
4. Operationalization......Page 90
4.1. Criteria for metaphor identification......Page 91
4.1.1. Criteria for metaphor in usage......Page 92
4.1.2. Criteria for metaphor in grammar......Page 97
4.2. Units of analysis......Page 99
4.2.1. Grammatical metaphor......Page 102
4.3. Moments of decision......Page 105
4.3.1. Decisions and measurement scales......Page 108
4.4. Metaphorical for who? The role of variation and change......Page 111
4.5. From moments of decision to tools......Page 114
4.6. Conclusion......Page 118
5. Application......Page 120
5.1. Data: Verbal, nonverbal, and meta......Page 121
5.2. Data collection: Introspection, observation, manipulation......Page 124
5.2.1. Thought data: The conceptual structures of metaphor......Page 126
5.2.2. Language data: The linguistic forms of metaphor......Page 128
5.3. Data analysis: Quantitative and qualitative......Page 133
5.4. Analyst performance: Reliability and error......Page 137
5.4.1. Interanalyst agreement and individual bias......Page 138
5.4.2. Interanalyst agreement and chance......Page 141
5.4.3. Doing methodological research......Page 142
5.5. Conclusion......Page 144
II. Finding metaphor in grammar......Page 148
6. Linguistic forms in grammar......Page 149
6.1.1. The synchronic dimension......Page 151
6.1.2. The diachronic dimension......Page 153
6.2. Conceptualization......Page 155
6.2.1. Conventionalized versus ad-hoc polysemy......Page 156
6.2.2. Polysemy, homonymy, and monosemy......Page 158
6.2.3. Nonliteral similarity......Page 159
6.3.1. One form......Page 161
6.3.2. Two senses......Page 163
6.3.3. Sense relations by nonliteral similarity......Page 164
6.4.1. Finding polysemy......Page 166
6.4.2. Metaphoric or metonymic polysemy?......Page 171
6.4.3. Finding metaphorical polysemy: Conceptual metaphor as a search mechanism......Page 173
6.5. Observation......Page 176
6.6. Manipulation......Page 180
6.7. Conclusion......Page 185
7. Conceptual structures in grammar (1)......Page 188
7.1.1. The synchronic dimension......Page 189
7.1.2. The diachronic dimension......Page 192
7.2.1. Domains and other conceptual systems......Page 194
7.2.2. Defining conceptual domains......Page 196
7.2.3. Domains and metaphorically motivated polysemy......Page 198
7.2.4. Conclusion......Page 200
7.3. Operationalization......Page 201
7.4. Introspection......Page 205
7.5. Observation......Page 208
7.6. Manipulation......Page 213
7.7. Conclusion......Page 215
8. Conceptual structures in grammar (2)......Page 218
8.1.1. The synchronic dimension......Page 219
8.1.2. The diachronic dimension......Page 222
8.2.1. Defining cross-domain mappings......Page 225
8.2.2. Configurations of domains and mappings: Metaphor and/or metonymy......Page 227
8.3. Operationalization......Page 230
8.4. Introspection......Page 234
8.5. Observation......Page 237
8.6. Manipulation......Page 241
8.7. Conclusion......Page 244
9. Cognitive processes and products in grammar......Page 246
9.1. Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach......Page 247
9.2.1. Language acquisition......Page 251
9.2.2. Knowledge of language......Page 254
9.3.1. Linguistic forms......Page 259
Identifying a cross-domain mapping......Page 260
9.4. Introspection......Page 261
9.5.1. Acquisition......Page 265
9.5.2. Knowledge of language......Page 268
9.6.1. Acquisition......Page 270
9.6.2. Knowledge of language......Page 274
9.7. Conclusion......Page 277
Identifying a cross-domain mapping......Page 278
III. Finding metaphor in usage......Page 282
10. Linguistic forms and conceptual structures  in usage (1)......Page 284
10.1. Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach......Page 285
10.1.1. Two-domain approaches......Page 286
10.1.2. Many-space approaches......Page 290
10.2.1. From grammar to usage......Page 291
10.2.2. Defining metaphorical linguistic forms in usage: Indirectness and incongruity......Page 294
10.2.3. Defining cross-domain mappings in usage: Two domains or many spaces?......Page 298
Identifying the linguistic forms of metaphor in grammar......Page 301
10.3.2. Conceptual structures: Barcelona's method......Page 304
Identifying a cross-domain mapping......Page 305
10.4.1. Linguistic forms......Page 306
10.4.2. Conceptual structures......Page 309
10.5.1. Linguistic forms......Page 310
10.5.2. Conceptual structures......Page 312
10.6. Manipulation......Page 318
10.7. Conclusion......Page 323
11. Linguistic forms and conceptual  structures in usage (2)......Page 326
11.1.1. Two-domain approaches......Page 328
11.1.2. Many-space approaches......Page 333
11.2.1. Signaling......Page 334
11.2.2. Four dimensions of metaphor in usage......Page 336
11.2.3. Indirectness revisited......Page 340
Identifying a cross-domain mapping......Page 341
Identifying other forms of metaphorically motivated language......Page 343
11.4. Introspection......Page 344
11.5. Observation......Page 346
11.6. Manipulation......Page 356
11.7. Conclusion......Page 359
Identifying other forms of metaphorically motivated language......Page 360
12.1. Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach......Page 362
12.2. Conceptualization......Page 366
12.3. Operationalization......Page 371
Identifying a cross-domain mapping......Page 373
Identifying other forms of metaphorically motivated language......Page 374
12.4. Introspection......Page 375
12.5. Observation......Page 379
12.6.1. Experimental materials......Page 385
12.6.2. Data collection and analysis......Page 387
Sentence priming decision task......Page 391
12.7. Conclusion......Page 394
Conclusion......Page 396
13. Evidence for metaphor in grammar and usage......Page 398
13.1. The production of evidence: The empirical cycle......Page 399
13.1.1. Conceptualization......Page 400
13.1.2. Operationalization......Page 401
13.1.3. Data collection......Page 403
13.1.4. Data analysis......Page 404
13.1.5. Interpretation......Page 406
13.2. The interpretation of evidence: The field of research......Page 407
13.2.1. Symbol analysis......Page 408
Identifying other forms of metaphorically motivated language in usage......Page 409
Identifying the nature of a mapping between two domains......Page 411
13.2.2. Behavior analysis......Page 412
13.3. The utilization of evidence: Variations on convergence......Page 416
13.4. Concluding comments......Page 419
References......Page 422
Index......Page 444
The series Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research......Page 448