Financial Inclusion for Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Case Studies for Sustainable Development

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Contributors
Preface
	Reference
Chapter 1:
Introduction
	Who are the financially excluded? Defining, targeting and 
reaching
	Users are not a homogeneous group
	From demand–supply relationships to a broader financial ecosystem
	Organization of the book
	References
Chapter 2: From Access to Progress:
Setting our sights on a worthier goal
	Introduction
	Changing the questions
	Social performance management
	A practical way forward
	Managing social performance: the role of FSPs
		Manage toward clear social targets
		Design client-centricproducts and services
		Treat clients responsibly
		Treat staff responsibly
		Balanced financial and social performance
	Mutual benefits for customers and FSPs
	Responsibilities for funders, regulators, and support organizations
		Funders
		Regulators and policymakers
		Networks and associations
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
Chapter 3: The Bangladesh Experience on Financial Inclusion:
A market systems review
	Introduction
	Overview of the current status of financial inclusion in Bangladesh
	Findings from a primary survey on access to, and usage of, financial services and the systemic barriers for financial inclusion
		Access to financial services
		Usage of financial services
	Policy measures undertaken by the central bank in Bangladesh for financial inclusion
		Provisioning of low-costfunding
		Priority segments/sectors lending
		Technology adoption and technological upgrading
	The relevance of the policy measures of the Bangladesh Bank to market systems change
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4: Financial Inclusion: Understanding concept, barriers and 
measurement
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Financial inclusion: definition
	4.3 Barriers to financial access
	4.4 Measurement and data sources
		4.4.1 Measurement: what has been done so far?
		4.4.2 Data availability issues on measurement of financial inclusion
		4.4.3 Data sources
		4.4.4 Multi-dimensionalityof financial inclusion
	4.5 C onclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5: Towards inclusion through lessons from informal money lenders
	5.1
Introduction
	5.2
Formal and informal credit
	5.3
Shadow prices
	5.4 Data
	5.5 Econometric specification
	5.6 Results
	5.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	References
Chapter 6: Extending access to the formal financial system:
The banking correspondent business model
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Financial access in the economic literature
	6.2
Classification of banking correspondent models
		6.2.1 Pure banking correspondents: outsourcing in the banking sector
		6.2.2 Hybrid banking correspondents: indirect or potential access points to the formal financial system
		6.2.3 Other financial services’ correspondents
	6.3 Banking correspondent characteristics
		6.3.1 Banking correspondent attributes
		6.3.2 Operations
	6.4
Incentives for banking correspondent business models
		6.4.1 Individuals
		6.4.2 Commercial establishments
		6.4.3 Banks
		6.4.4 Government
	6.5
Case study: the banking correspondent model in Peru
	6.6
Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Notes
	References
Chapter 7: Savings as Forward Payments:
Innovations on mobile money platforms
	Introduction
	Protect me from myself: the need for restraining liquidity onsavings
	Making savings salient: goal setting and mental accounting
	The hygiene factors of savings: enter the mobile phone
	Product challenges: managing multiple needs from a single account and a mobile phone
	Investment choices: balancing safety and returns
	Unbundling the challenge: of ladders and platforms
	Notes
	References
Chapter 8: Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion:
The case of Susu operations in Ghana
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Overview of mobile money in Ghana
		8.2.1 MTN mobile money
		8.2.2 Airtel money
		8.2.3 Tigo Cash
		8.2.4 Literature review
		8.2.5 Empirical specification
	8.3 Research methodology and data sampling procedure
	8.4 Discussion of findings
		8.4.1 Findings from the Susu collectors survey
		8.4.2 Findings from the Susu users survey
		8.4.3 Summary of results from logistic regression estimation
	8.5 Concluding remarks and suggestions for future research
	Acknowledgement
	Notes
	References
Chapter 9: Towards a gender transformative approach to  financial inclusion: Lessons from CARE’s village savings and loan  associations in sub-Saharan Africa
	Introduction
	Gender gap in financial inclusion
	History of VSLAs
	How VSLAs work
	Impact of VSLAs
	Women’s empowerment
	Gender transformative VSLAs
	Implementing a gender transformative VSLA approach in the Tuungane programme in DRC
	Further developments in gender transformative VSLAs
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 10: Gender-basedbarriers and  opportunities to financial  inclusion:
New evidence from Ghana
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Data and variable construction
	10.3 Empirical methods
	10.4 Financial inclusion and gender: how big are the gaps?
		10.4.1 Financial inclusion and gender gaps
		10.4.2 Barriers to financial inclusion
	10.5 Addressing barriers to financial inclusion
	10.6 Financial inclusion for poverty alleviation: empirical evaluation
	10.7 Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 11: Islamic Finance Approach to Financial Inclusion to Enhance 
Shared-Prosperity
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 State of financial inclusion and prosperity in OIC countries
	11.3 Islamic finance, financial inclusion and shared prosperity
		11.3.1 Risk sharing and shared prosperity during the production cycle
		11.3.2 Risk sharing and shared prosperity through redistributive instruments
	11.4 Challenges for enhancing financial inclusion in OIC countries
	11.5 Interaction between financial inclusion and shared prosperity
	11.6 Conclusion and policy recommendations
		11.6.1 Public policy implications
		11.6.2 Need to develop a supportive institutional framework
		11.6.3 Institutionalization of Islamic redistributive instruments
		11.6.4 Financial engineering
		11.6.5 Ensure a level playing field for Islamic microfinance, SME, and micro-takaful
		11.6.6 Leveraging technology
	Notes
	References
Chapter 12: Vulnerability Reduction Efficacy of Financial Inclusion to Climate and Economic  Changes:
Evidences, bottlenecks and way forward
	Introduction
	Financial inclusion and vulnerability reduction
	Methodology
	Results
	Effectiveness of microfinance interventions
	Effectiveness of risk insurance interventions
	Effectiveness of cash transfers
	Discussion and conclusions
		Evidence for vulnerability reduction
		Not all programmes are equal
		Randomized control trials
		Appropriate design of instruments
		Building capacities
		Targeting
		Enabling environment
	References
Chapter 13: Green Microcredit-Assisted Microenterprises in a Wetland Area of Bangladesh and its Implications for Women’s Empowerment and Ecological Sustainability
	Introduction
	Green microcredit and its mechanism in Hakaluki haor
	Methodology
		Profile of the study area
		Methodology
	Results and discussion
		Socio-demographic features of the women microcredit borrowers
		Women-ledgreen microcredit-assisted microenterprises in Hakaluki haor
		Role of green microcredit in community livelihoods and poverty reduction
		Role of green microcredit in women empowerment
		Role of green microcredit-assistedenterprises in ecological sustainability
		Sustainability of the microcredit women’s group
		Challenges and opportunities of green microenterprises
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Chapter 14:
Where to from here?
	Financially excluded but financially active
	Towards building a ‘business case’ for sustainable financial inclusion
	From access and usage to quality
	Challenges of measuring financial inclusion
	Future research questions
		Strong institutions as a prerequisite?
		Made to fit
	Note
	References
Index