Fibers and composites

FIBERS AND COMPOSITES......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 3
INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 7
Part I: CARBON FIBERS......Page 9
1 Introduction......Page 10
Table of Content......Page 0
2 Microstructural approach......Page 11
3 Manipulation of mesophase flow in a spinneret......Page 16
3.1 Screened flow within the spinneret......Page 18
3.2 Mesophase flow in capillary and draw-down cone......Page 24
3.3 Stabilization and heat treatment......Page 26
4 Discussion......Page 27
Acknowledgments......Page 28
References......Page 29
1 Introduction......Page 31
2.2 Production of PAN precursor fibers......Page 32
2.3 Stabilization of PAN precursor fibers......Page 33
2.4 Carbonization of stabilized PAN fibers......Page 34
2.5 Structure of PAN-based carbon fibers......Page 35
3 Pitch-based carbon fibers......Page 37
3.1 Production of mesophase pitch......Page 38
3.2 Production of mesophase pitch precursor fibers......Page 39
3.3 Stabilization of mesophase pitch precursor fibers......Page 41
3.5 Structure of mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers......Page 42
4.2 Modeling the development of structure......Page 44
References......Page 50
1 Introduction......Page 54
2 Experimental challenges......Page 56
3 Electrical resistivity......Page 57
4.2 Lattice conduction......Page 61
5 Thermoelectric power......Page 63
6.1 Introduction......Page 65
6.2 Electrical resistivity......Page 66
6.3 The limits of electrical conductivity......Page 69
6.4 Thermal conductivity......Page 70
6.6 Thermoelectric power......Page 72
7 Sample characterization......Page 73
8.2 Electrical conductivity......Page 74
8.3 Thermal conductivity......Page 75
References......Page 78
Part II CVD/CVI PROCESSES......Page 80
1 Introduction......Page 81
2 Elementary processes......Page 82
3 Hydrogen inhibition......Page 85
4 Surface area/volume ratio......Page 86
5 Saturation adsorption......Page 87
7 Considerations about the formation of different carbon microstructures......Page 89
References......Page 91
1 Introduction......Page 93
2.2 Chemistry of carbon formation......Page 94
2.4 Comparison between standard CVD and CVI processes......Page 96
3.1 The process parameters......Page 98
3.2 Outline of the principal methods......Page 100
4.1 The different types of pyrocarbons......Page 102
4.2 Existence diagram and phase stability......Page 105
4.3 Deposition and infiltration rates......Page 106
5.1 Isothermal “hot wall” reactors......Page 109
5.2 Non-isothermal or (non-isobaric) conditions: “cold wall” reactors......Page 111
6.1 Composite quality......Page 112
7 Conclusion and outlook......Page 114
References......Page 115
1 Introduction......Page 118
2 Overview of carbon CVI......Page 119
3.1 Isothermal isobaric carbon CVI......Page 124
3.2.1 Early thermal-gradient isobaric CVI studies......Page 127
3.2.2 Recent inductively-heated thermal-gradient isobaric CVI studies......Page 129
3.3 Liquid-immersion thermal-gradient atmospheric pressure isobaric CVI......Page 135
3.4 Forced-flow thermal-gradient atmospheric-pressure CVI......Page 139
References......Page 142
1 Introduction......Page 145
2 Impregnation technology......Page 146
2.1 Wet-winding technique......Page 147
2.5 Hot-press molding......Page 148
3 Densification efficiency......Page 149
4.1 Resin precursors......Page 151
4.2.1 Pitch composition......Page 152
4.2.3 The optical texture of the matrix......Page 155
5 New developments in C–C composites......Page 158
References......Page 160
Part III PROPERTIES OF MATRICES AND COMPOSITES......Page 163
2 The various pyrocarbons......Page 164
2.1.2 Rough laminar pyrocarbon (RL)......Page 165
2.1.3 Isotropic pyrocarbon (I)......Page 166
2.2 The high temperature transition: L . G . IS (1,400–2,000  C)......Page 167
2.2.1 Granular pyrocarbon......Page 168
2.2.2 Isotropic sooty......Page 169
2.3 Very high temperature pyrocarbons......Page 170
2.4 Pyrocarbons issued from new rapid densification processes......Page 171
3.2 Surface-generated cones......Page 173
3.3.1 Smooth and dark laminar pyrocarbons regeneration......Page 174
3.4 Secondary cones generated by gas-phase nucleated particles......Page 176
4.2 Mechanisms controlling the low temperature transition (I-CVD processing)......Page 178
5.1 Pyrocarbon density......Page 179
5.2 Anisotropy as measured by X-ray diffraction......Page 182
5.5 Anisotropy as measured by electron diffraction (OA)......Page 185
6 Conclusions......Page 187
References......Page 190
1.1 Strength of composite......Page 193
1.2 Interface in composite......Page 196
2.1 Physical properties......Page 198
2.2 Surface chemistry......Page 199
3.2 Liquid phase oxidation......Page 204
3.3 Anodic etching......Page 205
4.1 Polymer matrix......Page 206
4.2 Interfacial bond......Page 207
4.3 Effect of surface properties of carbon fibers on mechanical properties......Page 208
5 Carbon–carbon composites......Page 211
5.1 Interfacial interaction in C–C composites......Page 212
5.2 Protection against oxidation......Page 214
6 Carbon-based composites with other matrices......Page 219
References......Page 221
1 Introduction......Page 224
2 Structural behavior......Page 227
3 Thermal behavior......Page 230
4 Electrical behavior......Page 231
6 Cathodic protection of steel reinforcement in concrete......Page 232
7.1 Piezoresistivity......Page 233
7.2 Direct piezoelectricity......Page 236
8 Damage sensing......Page 237
9 Temperature sensing through the thermistor effect......Page 239
10 Thermoelectric behavior......Page 240
References......Page 243