Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites in Ballistic Protection: Microstructural and Micromechanical Perspectives (Engineering Materials)

Foreword
Preface
Permissions
Contents
1 Introduction to Composite Materials
	1.1 Composite Materials: Definition and Development
	1.2 Classification of Composite Materials
	1.3 Some Commonly Used Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
		1.3.1 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites
		1.3.2 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites
		1.3.3 Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
		1.3.4 Other Fiber Reinforcement Materials
	1.4 Major Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
		1.4.1 Aerospace and Outer Space
		1.4.2 Structure Repairing (Underwater)
		1.4.3 Boats and Marine
		1.4.4 Automobile and Railways
		1.4.5 Building and Infrastructure
		1.4.6 Defenses: Air, Water, and Land Megastructures
	References
2 Polymer Matrix Materials for Ballistic Armors
	2.1 Definition and Characteristics of Polymer Matrix Materials
	2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Polymers in Ballistic Armor
		2.2.1 Advantages
		2.2.2 Disadvantages
	2.3 Types of Polymer Matrix Materials
	2.4 Overview of Common Polymers Used in Ballistic Armor Applications
	2.5 Comparison of Different Polymer Types and Their Suitability for Specific Armor Requirements
	2.6 Polymer Processing Methods
		2.6.1 Extrusion
		2.6.2 Compression Molding
		2.6.3 Other Shaping Techniques
	2.7 Armor Design and Manufacturing
	2.8 Performance Evaluation
		2.8.1 Overview of Industry Standards
		2.8.2 Material Performance Criteria
		2.8.3 Consistency in Testing
		2.8.4 Quality Assurance and Certification
		2.8.5 Ongoing Research and Development
	2.9 Future Trends and Challenges
	References
3 Fiber Reinforcements
	3.1 Definition and Characteristics of Fiber Reinforcements
	3.2 Types of Fiber Reinforcements
	3.3 Some Popular Commercially Used Reinforcements
		3.3.1 Glass Fibers
		3.3.2 Carbon Fibers
		3.3.3 Aramid Fibers
	3.4 Natural Fibers
	3.5 Comparison of Commercially Used Fibers
	References
4 Characterization Techniques in Different Strain-Rate Spectra
	4.1 Strain-Rate Spectrum Overview
	4.2 Quasi-Static Rate Testing
	4.3 Intermediate Strain-Rate Testing
	4.4 High-Strain-Rate Testing
	4.5 Impact Tests
		4.5.1 Taylor Test Dynamic Characterization
		4.5.2 Plate Impact Test
	4.6 Challenges and Future Scope for Research
		4.6.1 Challenges
		4.6.2 Scope of Novel Research Approach
	References
5 Microstructural Failure Mechanisms Analysis
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Key Determinants of Composite Material Impact Response
	5.3 Damage Analysis
		5.3.1 Low-Velocity Impact Damage Analysis
		5.3.2 High-Velocity Damage Analysis
	5.4 Fractographic Analysis
	References
6 Micromechanics of FRP Composites and the Analytical Approach for Ballistic Response
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fundamental of Micromechanics
		6.2.1 Fiber–Matrix Load Transfer
		6.2.2 Unidirectional Reinforcement
		6.2.3 Discontinuous Fibers
	6.3 Damage Mechanism Due to Ballistic Impact on Composite Structures
		6.3.1 Cone Formation on the Back Face of the Target
		6.3.2 Energy Absorbed Due to Deformation of Secondary Yarns
		6.3.3 Energy Absorbed Due to Tensile Failure of Primary Yarns
		6.3.4 Energy Absorbed Due to Shear Plugging
		6.3.5 Energy Absorbed by Other Mechanisms
	6.4 Analytical Formulation for Woven Fabric Composites
	References
7 Recent Development of Constitutive Models for Strain-Rate Sensitive FRP Composite Materials
	7.1 Need for Constitutive Modeling in FRP Composites
	7.2 Some Important Developments Till Now
	7.3 Constitutive Law
	7.4 Temperature-Dependent FRP Behavior
	7.5 Strain-Rate Dependent FRP Behavior
	7.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
8 High-Velocity Impact Modeling in Materials Science: A Multiscale Perspective
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Role of Multiscale Modeling
	8.3 Multiscale Modeling Techniques
		8.3.1 Ab Initio (First-Principles) Modeling (Quantum/Molecular Scale)
		8.3.2 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations (Atomic/Molecular Scale)
		8.3.3 Discrete Element Method (DEM) (Particulate Scale)
		8.3.4 Mesoscale Modeling (Mesoscale)
		8.3.5 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) (Mesoscale)
		8.3.6 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) (Macroscopic Scale)
	8.4 Micromechanical Modeling for Impact
	References
9 Interface Engineering
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Interface Engineering of Ductile Fiber/Thermoset Matrix Composites
	9.3 Fiber Surface Treatments
		9.3.1 Glass Fibers
		9.3.2 Carbon Fibers
		9.3.3 Kevlar Fibers
	9.4 Influence of Strain Rate on the Sandwiched Epoxy Interface Properties
		9.4.1 Sample Preparation
		9.4.2 Quasi-Static Indentation
		9.4.3 Dynamic Indentation
		9.4.4 Nanomechanical Raman Spectrometry
	References