Ferri's Best Test: A Practical Guide to Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging (Ferri's Medical Solutions)

Front Cover
IFC
FERRI’S BEST TEST
FERRI’S BEST TEST: A Practical Guide to Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
I - Diagnostic Imaging
	Section I Diagnostic Imaging
	A. Abdominal and Gastrointestinal (GI) Imaging
		Indications
		Strengths
		Weaknesses
		Comments
		2. Barium Enema (BE)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. Barium Swallow (Esophagram)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		4. Upper GI (UGI) Series
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		5. Computed Tomographic Colonography (CTC, Virtual Colonoscopy)
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		6. CT Scan of Abdomen and Pelvis
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		7. CT Enterography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		8. CT Enteroclysis
			Indication
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		9. Magnetic Resonance Enterography (MRE)
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		10. Cholescintigraphy (Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid [HIDA] Scan, Diisopropyl Iminodiacetic Acid [DISIDA] Scan)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		11. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		12. Percutaneous Biliary Procedures
			Indications
			Weaknesses
		13. Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		14. Meckel Scan (Tc-99m Pertechnetate Scintigraphy)
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		15. MRI Scan of Abdomen/Pelvis
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		16. Small-Bowel Series
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		17. Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid (Tc-99m SC) Scintigraphy for GI Bleeding
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		18. Tc-99m-Labeled Red Blood Cell (RBC) Scintigraphy for GI Bleeding
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		19. Ultrasound of Abdomen
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		20. Ultrasound of Appendix
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		21. Ultrasound of Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		22. Ultrasound of Liver
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		23. Ultrasound of Pancreas
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		24. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		25. Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		26. Transient Elastography (FibroScan)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	B. Breast Imaging
		1. Mammogram
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Breast Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. MRI of the Breast
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	C. Cardiac Imaging
		1. Stress Echocardiography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Cardiovascular Radionuclide Imaging (Thallium, Sestamibi, Dipyridamole [Persantine] Scan), Positron Emission Tomography (PET)...
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. Cardiac MRI (CMR)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		4. Multidetector CT Scan (Non-contrast CT Scan for Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		5. Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		6. Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		7. Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	D. Chest Imaging
		1. Chest Radiograph
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. CT Scan of Chest
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. MRI Scan of Chest
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	E. Endocrine Imaging
		1. Adrenal Medullary Scintigraphy (Metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] Scan)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Parathyroid (PTH) Scan
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. Thyroid Scan (Radioiodine Uptake Study)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		4. Thyroid Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	F. Genitourinary Imaging
		1. Obstetric Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Pelvic Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. Prostate Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		4. Renal Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		5. Scrotal Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		6. Transvaginal (Endovaginal) Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		7. Urinary Bladder Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		8. Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		9. Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) and Intravenous Retrograde Pyelography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	G. Musculoskeletal and Spinal Cord Imaging
		1. Plain X-Ray Films of Skeletal System
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Bone Densitometry (Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry [DEXA] Scan)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. MRI Scan of Spine
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		4. MRI Scan of Shoulder
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		5. MRI Scan of Hip and Extremities
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		6. MRI Scan of Pelvis
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		7. MRI Scan of Knee
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		8. CT Scan of Spinal Cord
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		9. Arthrography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		10. CT Myelography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		11. Nuclear Imaging (Bone Scan, Gallium Scan, White Blood Cell [WBC] Scan)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	H. Neuroimaging of Brain
		1. CT Scan of Brain
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. MRI Scan of Brain
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	I. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
		Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	J. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
		Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	K. Vascular Imaging
		1. Angiography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Aorta Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		3. Arterial Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		4. Captopril Renal Scan (CRS)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		5. Carotid Ultrasonography
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		6. Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		7. Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography
			Indications (Box 1.1)
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
		8. Computed Tomography Perfusion (CTP) Imaging
			Indications
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		9. Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		10. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		11. Magnetic Resonance Direct Thrombus Imaging (MRDTI)
			Indication
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		12. Pulmonary Angiography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		13. Transcranial Doppler
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		14. Venography
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		15. Compression Ultrasonography and Venous Doppler Ultrasound
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		16. Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Lung Scan
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	L. Oncology
		1. Whole-Body Integrated (Dual-Modality) PET-CT
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
		2. Whole-Body MRI
			Indications
			Strengths
			Weaknesses
			Comments
	References
II - Laboratory Values and Interpretation of Results
	ACE Level See Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) level
	Acetone (Serum or Plasma)
	Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibody
	Acid Phosphatase (Serum)
	Acid Serum Test See Ham Test
	Activated Clotting Time (ACT)
	Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) See Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)...
	Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
	Alanine Aminopeptidase
	Alanine Aminotransferase (alt, Formerly Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase [SGPT])
	Albumin (Serum)
	Alcohol Dehydrogenase
	Aldolase (Serum)
	Aldosterone (Plasma)
	Alkaline Phosphatase (Serum)
	Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (Serum)
	Alpha-1-Fetoprotein (Serum)
	ALT See Alanine Aminotransferase
	Aluminum (Serum)
	AMA See Mitochondrial Antibody
	Amebiasis Serologic Test
	Aminolevulinic Acid (d-ALA) (24-Hour Urine Collection)
	Ammonia (Serum)
	Amylase (Serum)
	Amylase, Urine See Urine Amylase
	Amyloid A Protein (Serum)
	ANA See Antinuclear Antibody
	Anaplasma Phagocytophilum (HGA)
	ANCA See Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody
	Androstenedione (Serum)
	Angiotensin II
	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Level
	ANH See Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
	Anion Gap
	Anticardiolipin Antibody (ACA)
	Anticentromere Antibody
	Anticoagulant See Circulating Anticoagulant (Antiphospholipid Antibody, Lupus Anticoagulant)
	Antidiuretic Hormone
	Anti-DNA
	Anti-dsDNA
	Antiglobulin Test, Direct See Direct Antiglobulin Test
	Antiglobulin Test, Indirect See Coombs, Indirect
	Antiglomerular Basement Antibody See Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody
	Anti-HCV See Hepatitis C Antibody
	Antihistone
	Anti-Jo-1
	Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA)
	Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)
	Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
	Antiphospholipid Antibody See Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) Test
	Anti-RNP Antibody See Extractable Nuclear Antigen
	Anti-Scl-70
	Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm) Antibody See Extractable Nuclear Antigen
	Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody See Smooth Muscle Antibody
	Antistreptolysin O Titer (Streptozyme, ASLO Titer)
	Antithrombin III
	Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1)
	Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
	Arterial Blood Gases
	Arthrocentesis Fluid
	ASLO Titer See Antistreptolysin O Titer
	Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase [SGOT])
	Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)
	Basophil Count
	Beta-2 Microglobulin
	Bicarbonate
	Bile Acid Breath Test
	Bile, Urine See Urine Bile
	Bilirubin, Direct (Conjugated Bilirubin)
	Bilirubin, Indirect (Unconjugated Bilirubin)
	Bilirubin, Total
	Bilirubin, Urine See Urine Bile
	Bladder Tumor–Associated Antigen
	Bleeding Time (Modified IVY Method)
	Blood Type
	Blood Volume, Total
	Bordetella pertussis Serology
	BRCA-1, BRCA-2
	Breath Hydrogen Test
	B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
	BUN See Urea Nitrogen
	C3 See Complement (C3, C4)
	C4 See Complement (C3, C4)
	CA 15-3 See Cancer Antigen 15-3
	CA 19-9 See Cancer Antigen 19-9
	CA 27-29 See Cancer Antigen 27-29
	CA 72-4 See Cancer Antigen 72-4
	CA 125 See Cancer Antigen 125
	Calcitonin (Serum)
	Calcium (Serum)
	Calcium, Urine See Urine Calcium
	Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
	Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
	Cancer Antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29)
	Cancer Antigen 72-4 (CA 72-4)
	Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125)
	Captopril Stimulation Test
	Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
	Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9
	Carbon Dioxide, Partial Pressure
	Carbon Monoxide See Carboxyhemoglobin
	Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
	Cardiac Markers (Serum)
	Cardiac Troponins See Troponins, Serum
	Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
	Cardio-CRP See C-Reactive Protein
	Carotene (Serum)
	Catecholamines, Urine See Urine Catecholamines
	CBC See Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count
	CCK See Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin
	CCK-PZ See Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin
	CCP IgG Antibody
	CD4 T-Lymphocyte Count (CD4 T-Cells)
	CD40 Ligand
	CEA See Carcinoembryonic Antigen
	Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
	Ceruloplasmin (Serum)
	Chlamydia Group Antibody Serologic Test
	Chlamydia trachomatis Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)
	Chlamydia trachomatis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	Chloride (Serum)
	Chloride (Sweat)
	Chloride, Urine See Urine Chloride
	Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK, CCK-PZ)
	Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein See Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
	Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein See High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
	Cholesterol, Total
	Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Human (Serum)
	Chymotrypsin
	Circulating Anticoagulant (Antiphospholipid Antibody, Lupus Anticoagulant)
	CK See Creatine Kinase
	Clonidine Suppression Test
	Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile Toxin Assay (Stool)
	CO See Carboxyhemoglobin
	Coagulation Factors
	Cold Agglutinins Titer
	Complement (C3, C4)
	Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count (Normal Values)
	Conjugated Bilirubin See Bilirubin, Direct
	Coombs, Direct See Direct Antiglobulin Test
	Coombs, Indirect (Antiglobulin, Indirect)
	Copper (Serum)
	Copper, Urine See Urine Copper
	Coronavirus See COVID-19
	Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Stimulation Test
	Cortisol (Plasma)
	COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
	C-Peptide
	CPK See Creatine Kinase
	C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
	Creatinine Clearance
	Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
	Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes
		CK-MB
		CK-MM
		CK-BB
	Creatinine (Serum)
	Creatinine, Urine See Urine Creatinine
	Cryoglobulins (Serum)
	Cryptosporidium Antigen by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) (Stool)
	CSF See Cerebrospinal Fluid
	Cystatin C
	Cystic Fibrosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	Cytomegalovirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	DAT See Direct Antiglobulin Test
	d-Dimer
	Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
	Deoxycorticosterone (11-Deoxycorticosterone, doc), Serum
	Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Overnight
	Digoxin
	Dihydrotestosterone, Serum, Urine
	Dilantin See Phenytoin
	Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT, Coombs Test Direct)
	Disaccharide Absorption Tests
	DOC See Deoxycorticosterone
	Donath-Landsteiner (D-L) Test for Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
	Dopamine
	d-Xylose Absorption Test
	Electrolytes, Urine See specific urine electrolytes (e.g., Urine Potassium, Urine Sodium)
	Electrophoresis, Hemoglobin See Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
	Electrophoresis, Protein See Protein Electrophoresis
	ENA Complex See Extractable Nuclear Antigen
	Endomysial Antibodies
	Eosinophil Count
	Epinephrine, Plasma
	Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Serology
	Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (Westergren)
	Erythropoietin (EP)
	Estradiol (Serum)
	Estrogens, Total
	Ethanol (Blood)
	Extractable Nuclear Antigen (ENA Complex, Anti-RNP Antibody, Anti-SM, Anti-Smith)
	Factor V Leiden
	FDP See Fibrin Degradation Product
	FENA See Fractional Excretion of Sodium
	Fecal fat, Qualitative See Sudan III Stain
	Fecal fat, Quantitative (72-Hour Collection)
	Fecal Globin Immunochemical Test
	Ferritin (Serum)
	Fibrin Degradation Product (FDP)
	Fibrinogen
	5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid, Urine See Urine 5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid
	5′ Nucleotidase
	Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody See FTA-ABS
	Folate (Folic Acid)
	Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
	Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENA)
	Free T4 See T4, Free
	Free Thyroxine Index
	FSH See Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
	FTA-ABS (Serum)
	Furosemide Stimulation Test
	Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) See γ-Glutamyl Transferase
	Gastrin (Serum)
	Gastrin Stimulation Test
	Gliadin Antibodies, Immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG
	Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody
	Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
	Glucagon
	Glucose, Fasting
	Glucose, Postprandial
	Glucose Tolerance Test
	Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Screen (Blood)
	γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
	Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
	Glycohemoglobin See Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin
	Growth Hormone
	Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
	Growth Hormone Suppression Test (After Glucose)
	Ham Test (Acid Serum Test)
	Haptoglobin (Serum)
	HbA1c See Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin
	hCG Tumor Marker
	HDL See High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
	Helicobacter pylori (Serology, Stool Antigen)
	Hematocrit
	Hemoglobin
	Hemoglobin (Hb) Electrophoresis
	Hemoglobin, Glycated See Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin
	Hemoglobin, Glycosylated See Glycated (Glycosylated) Hemoglobin
	Hemoglobin H
	Hemoglobin, Urine See Urine Hemoglobin, Free
	Hemosiderin, Urine See Urine Hemosiderin
	Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Antibodies
	Hepatitis A Antibody
	Hepatitis B Core Antibody
	Hepatitis B DNA
	Hepatitis Be Antigen (HBeAg) and Antibody
	Hepatitis B Surface Antibody
	Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
	Hepatitis C Antibody (Anti-HCV)
	Hepatitis C Genotype
	Hepatitis C RNA
	Hepatitis D Antigen and Antibody
	Her-2/neu
	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
	Heterophil Antibody
	HFE Screen for Hereditary Hemochromatosis
	High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
	Homocysteine, Plasma
	Hs-CRP See C-reactive Protein
	HSV See Herpes Simplex Virus
	Human Chorionic Gonadotropins (hCG)
	Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8)
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody, Type 1 (HIV-1)
	Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
	Huntington Disease Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	17-Hydroxyprogesterone
	Immune Complex Assay
	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
	Influenza A and B Tests
	INR See International Normalized Ratio
	Insulin Autoantibodies
	Insulin, Free
	Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), Serum
	Insulin-Like Growth Factor II
	International Normalized Ratio (INR)
	Intrinsic Factor Antibodies
	Iron-Binding Capacity (Total Iron-Binding Capacity [TIBC])
	Iron Saturation (% Transferrin Saturation)
	Iron, Serum
	Lactate (Blood)
	Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
	Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Isoenzymes
	Lactose Tolerance Test (Serum)
	LAP Score See Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase
	LDH See Lactate Dehydrogenase
	LDL See Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
	Lead
	Legionella pneumophila Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	Legionella Titer
	Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP)
	LH See Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Blood
	Lipase
	Lipoprotein (A)
	Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Low Density See Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
	Lipoprotein Cholesterol, High Density See High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
	Liver Kidney Microsome Type 1 (LKM1) Antibodies
	Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
	Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) Test
	Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Blood
	Lymphocytes
	Magnesium (Serum)
	Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
	Metanephrines, Urine See Urine Metanephrines
	Methylmalonic Acid, Serum
	Mitochondrial Antibody (Antimitochondrial Antibody [AMA])
	Monocyte Count
	Mycoplasma pneumoniae Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	Myelin Basic Protein, Cerebrospinal Fluid
	Myoglobin, Urine See Urine Myoglobin
	Natriuretic Peptide See B-type Natriuretic Peptide
	Neisseria gonorrhoeae Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)
	Neisseria gonorrhoeae Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
	Neutrophil Count
	Norepinephrine
	Osmolality, Serum
	Osmolality, Urine See Urine Osmolality
	Osmotic Fragility Test
	Paracentesis Fluid
	Parathyroid Hormone
	Parietal Cell Antibodies
	Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
	Pepsinogen I
	PFA See Platelet Function Analysis (PFA) 100 Assay
	pH, Blood
	Phenobarbital
	Phenytoin (Dilantin)
	Phosphatase, Acid See Acid Phosphatase
	Phosphatase, Alkaline See Alkaline Phosphatase
	Phosphate (Serum)
	pH, Urine See Urine pH
	Plasminogen
	Platelet Aggregation
	Platelet Antibodies
	Platelet Count
	Platelet Function Analysis (PFA) 100 Assay
	Potassium (Serum)
	Potassium, Urine See Urine Potassium
	Progesterone, Serum
	Prolactin
	Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
	Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
	Protein (Serum)
	Protein C Assay
	Protein Electrophoresis (Serum)
	Protein S Assay
	Prothrombin Time (PT)
	Protoporphyrin (Free Erythrocyte)
	PSA See Prostate-Specific Antigen
	PT See Prothrombin Time
	PTT See Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
	Pulse Oximetry
	Quantiferon-TB
	Rapid Plasma Reagin
	RDW See Red Blood Cell Distribution Width
	Red Blood Cell Count
	Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
	Red Blood Cell Folate See Folate (Folic Acid)
	Red Blood Cell Mass (Volume)
	Renin (Serum)
	Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Screen
	Reticulocyte Count
	Rheumatoid Factor
	RNP See Extractable Nuclear Antigen
	Rotavirus Serology
	RPR See Rapid Plasma Reagin
	SARS-CoV-2 See COVID-19
	SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies
	Sedimentation Rate See Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
	Semen Analysis
	SGOT See Aspartate Aminotransferase
	SGPT See Alanine Aminotransferase
	Sickle Cell Test
	Smooth Muscle Antibody
	Sodium (Serum)
	Streptozyme See Antistreptolysin O Titer
	Sucrose Hemolysis Test (Sugar Water Test)
	Sudan III Stain (Qualitative Screening for Fecal Fat)
	T3 (Triiodothyronine)
	T3 Resin Uptake (T3RU)
	T4, Serum T4, and Free (Free Thyroxine)
	Serum Free T4
	Tegretol See Carbamazepine
	Testosterone
	Theophylline
	Thiamine
	Thoracentesis Fluid
	Thrombin Time (TT)
	Thyroglobulin
	Thyroid-Binding Globulin (TBG)
	Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies
	Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone [TSH]) Receptor Antibodies
	Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Stimulation Test
	TIBC See Iron-binding Capacity
	Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody
	Transferrin
	Triglycerides
	Triiodothyronine See T3
	Troponins, Serum
	TSH See Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
	TT See Thrombin Time
	Unconjugated Bilirubin See Bilirubin, Indirect
	Urea Nitrogen
	Uric Acid (Serum)
	Urinalysis
	Urine Amylase
	Urine Bile
	Urine Calcium
	Urine camp
	Urine Catecholamines
	Urine Chloride
	Urine Copper
	Urine Cortisol, Free
	Urine Creatinine (24-Hour)
	Urine Crystals
	Urine Eosinophils
	Urine 5-Hydroxyindole-Acetic Acid (Urine 5-HIAA)
	Urine Glucose (Qualitative)
	Urine Hemoglobin, Free
	Urine Hemosiderin
	Urine Indican
	Urine Ketones (Semiquantitative)
	Urine Metanephrines
	Urine Myoglobin
	Urine Nitrite
	Urine Occult Blood
	Urine Osmolality
	Urine pH
	Urine Phosphate
	Urine Potassium
	Urine Protein (Quantitative)
	Urine Sodium (Quantitative)
	Urine Specific Gravity
	Urine Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
	Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Serologic Testing
	Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
	Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL)
	VIP See Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
	Viscosity (Serum)
	Vitamin B12
	Vitamin D, 1,25 Dihydroxy Calciferol, Vitamin D 25(OH)D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D)
	Vitamin K
	von Willebrand Factor
	WBCs See Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count
	Westergren See Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
	White Blood Cell Count See Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count
III - Diseases and Disorders
	Acronyms
	1. Abdominal Abscess (Fig. 3.1)
	2. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Fig. 3.3)
	3. Abdominal Pain (Fig. 3.5)
	4. Achalasia (Fig. 3.6)
	5. Acid-Base Disorders (Figs. 3.9 and 3.10)
	6. Acute Kidney Injury (Fig. 3.11)
	7. Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency) (Fig. 3.12)
	8. Adrenal Incidentaloma (Fig. 3.13)
	9. Adrenal Mass (Fig. 3.15)
	10. Alkaline Phosphatase Elevation (Fig. 3.17)
	11. ALT/AST Elevation (Fig. 3.18)
	12. Amenorrhea, Primary (Fig. 3.19)
	13. Amenorrhea, Secondary (Fig. 3.20)
	14. Anemia, Macrocytic (Fig. 3.21)
	15. Anemia, Microcytic (Fig. 3.22)
	16. Anisocoria (Fig. 3.23)
	17. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)–Positive (Fig. 3.24)
	18. Aortic Dissection (Fig. 3.25)
	19. Appendicitis (Fig. 3.29)
	20. Ascites (Fig. 3.31)
	21. Avascular Necrosis (Fig. 3.33)
	22. Back Pain, Acute, Lumbosacral (LS) Area (Fig. 3.35)
	23. Bilirubin Elevation (Fig. 3.36)
	24. Bleeding Disorder, Congenital (Fig. 3.37)
	25. Brain Abscess (Fig. 3.38)
	26. Breast Mass (Fig. 3.40)
	27. Carcinoid Syndrome (FIG. 3.43)
	28. Cardiomegaly on Chest Radiograph (Fig. 3.45)
	29. Chest Pain (Fig. 3.48)
	30. Cholangitis (Fig. 3.49)
	31. Cholecystitis (Fig. 3.51)
	32. Cholelithiasis (Fig. 3.54)
	33. Chronic Cough (Fig. 3.56)
	34. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Fig. 3.57)
	35. Colon Ischemia (Fig. 3.58)
	36. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy [RSD]) (Fig. 3.59)
	37. Constipation (Fig. 3.61)
	38. Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) Elevation (Fig. 3.62)
	39. Cushing Syndrome (Figs. 3.64 and 3.65 Table 3.12)
	40. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) (Fig. 3.66, Table 3.13)
	41. Delayed Puberty (Fig. 3.68)
	42. Delirium (Fig. 3.69)
	43. Diarrhea (Figs. 3.70 and 3.71)
	44. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (Fig. 3.72)
	45. Diverticulitis (FIG. 3.73)
	46. Dyspepsia (Fig. 3.75)
	47. Dyspnea (Fig. 3.76)
	48. Dysuria (Fig. 3.77)
	49. Ectopic Pregnancy (Fig. 3.78)
	50. Edema, Lower Extremity (Fig. 3.81)
	51. Endocarditis, Infective (Fig. 3.82, Table 3.14)
	52. Endometriosis (Fig. 3.84)
	53. Epiglottitis (Fig. 3.86)
	54. Fatigue (Fig. 3.88)
	55. Fever and Neutropenia (Fig. 3.89)
	56. Fever of Undetermined Origin (FUO) (Fig. 3.90)
	57. Galactorrhea (Fig. 3.91)
	58. Genital Lesions/Ulcers (Fig. 3.93)
	59. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis) (Fig. 3.94)
	60. Goiter (Fig. 3.96)
	61. Gynecomastia (Fig. 3.97)
	62. Hearing Loss (Fig. 3.98)
	63. Hematochezia (Fig. 3.99)
	64. Hematuria (Fig. 3.100)
	65. Hemochromatosis (Fig. 3.102)
	66. Hemoptysis (Fig. 3.103)
	67. Hepatomegaly (Fig. 3.105)
	68. Hirsutism (Fig. 3.106)
	69. Hyperaldosteronism (Fig. 3.107)
	70. Hypercalcemia (Fig. 3.108)
	71. Hyperkalemia (Fig. 3.109)
	72. Hypermagnesemia (Fig. 3.110)
	73. Hypernatremia (Fig. 3.111)
	74. Hyperphosphatemia (Fig. 3.112)
	75. Hyperthyroidism (Fig. 3.113)
	76. Hypocalcemia (Fig. 3.114)
	77. Hypoglycemia (Fig. 3.115)
	78. Hypogonadism (Fig. 3.118)
	79. Hypokalemia (Fig. 3.119)
	80. Hypomagnesemia (Fig. 3.120)
	81. Hyponatremia (Fig. 3.121)
	82. Hypophosphatemia (Fig. 3.122)
	83. Hypothyroidism (Fig. 3.123)
	84. Immunodeficiency (Fig. 3.124)
	85. Infectious Diarrhea (Fig. 3.126)
	86. Infertility (Fig. 3.127)
	87. Jaundice (Fig. 3.129)
	88. Joint Effusion (Fig. 3.130)
	89. Liver Function Test Elevations (Fig. 3.131)
	90. Liver Mass (Fig. 3.132)
	91. Lymphadenopathy, Generalized (Fig. 3.134)
	92. Malabsorption, Suspected (Fig. 3.136)
	93. Meningioma (Fig. 3.137)
	94. Mesenteric Ischemia (Fig. 3.139)
	95. Mesothelioma (Fig. 3.141)
	96. Metabolic Acidosis (Fig. 3.143)
	97. Metabolic Alkalosis (Fig. 3.144)
	98. Microcytosis (Fig. 3.145)
	99. Multiple Myeloma (Fig. 3.146)
	100. Multiple Sclerosis (Fig. 3.148)
	101. Myalgias (Fig. 3.151)
	102. Muscle Weakness (Fig. 3.152, Table 3.21)
	103. Neck Mass (Fig. 3.153)
	104. Neck Pain (Fig. 3.154)
	105. Neuropathy (Fig. 3.155)
	106. Neutropenia (Fig. 3.156)
	107. Osteomyelitis (Fig. 3.157)
	108. Pancreatic Mass (Fig. 3.159)
	109. Pancreatitis, Acute (Fig. 3.161)
	110. Parapharyngeal Abscess (Fig. 3.163)
	111. Pelvic Mass (Fig. 3.165)
	112. Pelvic Pain, Female Patient (Figs. 3.167 and 3.168)
	113. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) (Fig. 3.169)
	114. Pheochromocytoma (Fig. 3.171)
	115. Pituitary Adenoma (Fig. 3.172)
	116. Pleural Effusion (Fig. 3.175)
	117. Polyarteritis Nodosa (Fig. 3.178)
	118. Polycythemia (Fig. 3.180)
	119. Portal Vein Thrombosis (Fig. 3.181)
	120. Precocious Puberty (Fig. 3.184)
	121. Proteinuria (Fig. 3.185)
	122. Pruritus, Generalized (Fig. 3.186)
	123. Pulmonary Embolism (Fig. 3.187, Table 3.27)
	124. Pulmonary Hypertension (Fig. 3.189)
	125. Pulmonary Nodule (Fig. 3.192)
	126. Purpura (Fig. 3.193)
	127. Red Eye (Fig. 3.194)
	128. Renal Artery Stenosis (Fig. 3.195)
	129. Renal Mass (Fig. 3.199)
	130. Renal Tubular Acidosis (Fig. 3.201)
	131. Rotator Cuff Tear (Fig. 3.203)
	132. Sarcoidosis (Fig. 3.206)
	133. Scrotal Mass (Fig. 3.208)
	134. Small-Bowel Obstruction (Fig. 3.210)
	135. Spinal Epidural Abscess (Fig. 3.213)
	136. Splenomegaly (Fig. 3.215)
	137. Stroke (Fig. 3.218)
	138. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (Fig. 3.221)
	139. Subclavian Steal Syndrome (Fig. 3.224)
	140. Subdural Hematoma (Fig. 3.226)
	141. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (Fig. 3.228)
	142. Syncope (Fig. 3.232)
	143. Testicular Mass (Fig. 3.234)
	144. Testicular Torsion (Fig. 3.235)
	145. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Fig. 3.238)
	146. Thrombocytopenia (Fig. 3.240)
	147. Thrombocytosis (Fig. 3.241)
	148. Thyroid Nodule (Fig. 3.242)
	149. Thyroiditis (Fig. 3.243)
	150. Tinnitus (Fig. 3.245)
	151. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) (FIG. 3.246)
	152. Urethral Discharge (Fig. 3.247)
	153. Urolithiasis (Fig. 3.248)
	154. Urticaria (Fig. 3.250)
	155. Vaginal Discharge (Fig. 3.251)
	156. Vertigo (Fig. 3.252)
	157. Viral Hepatitis (Fig. 3.253)
	158. Weight Gain (Fig. 3.254)
	159. Weight Loss, Involuntary (Fig. 3.255)
I - General Guidelines for Ordering Computed Tomography
II - General Guidelines for Ordering Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
III - General Guidelines for Ordering Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
IV - The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
	Normal Intervals
	Approach to Interpreting the Electrocardiogram
	Normal Electrocardiogram
	Abnormal Electrocardiogram
		Conduction Abnormalities and Axis Deviation
		Chamber Hypertrophy
	Continued
		Low QRS Voltage
		Repolarization Abnormalities
		Bundle Branch Blocks
		Fascicular Blocks
	Abnormal ECG Localization of Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
	References
V - Pulmonary Function Testing
	Testing and Interpretation
		Spirometry
			Indications
			Spirometry Measurements
			Spirometry Performance
			Spirometry Interpretation
		Bronchodilator Testing
			Diffusing Capacity
	Diagnostic Approach
	Continued
	References
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
IBC