Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery

Cover
FERRETS, RABBITS, and RODENTS CLINICAL MEDICINE and SURGERY
Copyright
Dedication
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
SECTION I Ferrets
1 -
Basic Anatomy, Physiology, and Husbandry of Ferrets
	NATURAL HISTORY AND DOMESTICATION
	USES
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		Integument
			Coat
			Skin and Associated Glands
			Anal Glands
		Gastrointestinal System
			Teeth and Salivary Glands
			Esophagus, Stomach, and Intestines
			Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
		Urogenital System
			Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder
			Male Reproductive Tract
			Female Reproductive Tract
		Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
			Heart and Major Blood Vessels
			Lymphatic Structures
		Respiratory System
		Endocrine System
			Adrenal Glands
			Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
		Musculoskeletal System
		Neurologic System and Special Senses
			Brain and Spinal Cord
			Special Senses
				. The ferret eye appears to be less well developed than in other carnivores, including other mustelids such as mink.50 The ferre...
				. The structure of the middle and inner ear is similar to that in the dog, although the ferret lacks a distinct tubular ear cana...
				. Ferrets rely extensively on their sense of smell.27 Domestic ferrets appear to develop their olfactory and taste preferences f...
	PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION
		Life Expectancy and Physiology
		Body Size and Seasonal Weight Variation
	REPRODUCTION
	BEHAVIOR
	HUSBANDRY
		Housing
		Environmental Enrichment
	NUTRITION
	REFERENCES
2 -
Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets
	RESTRAINT AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
		Restraint
			Physical Examination
	PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
		Vaccinations
			Canine Distemper
			Rabies
			Vaccine-Associated Adverse Events
		Parasites
			Endoparasites
			Ectoparasites
	HOSPITALIZATION
	CLINICAL AND TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
		Venipuncture
			Reference Intervals
		Intravenous Catheters
		Fluid Therapy
		Antibiotic and Drug Therapy
		Pain Management
		Nutritional Support
		Urine Collection and Urinalysis
		Urinary Catheterization
		Blood Pressure Monitoring
		Bone Marrow Collection
		Blood Transfusion
		Splenic Aspiration
		Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap
	REFERENCES
3 -
Gastrointestinal Diseases of Ferrets
	DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
		Dental Disease
			Salivary Mucocele
			Oral Ulceration and Fistulas
			Oral Neoplasia
	DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
	DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH AND GASTROINTESTINAL ULCERATION
		General Gastritis and Ulceration
		Helicobacter Mustelae Gastritis
		Gastrointestinal Polyps
		Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies
		Gastric Distention (Bloat)
	ENTERITIS AND DIARRHEA
		Bacterial Disease
			Salmonellosis
			Mycobacteriosis
			Campylobacteriosis
			Proliferative Bowel Disease
		Viral Disease
			Coronavirus
			Rotavirus
			Canine Distemper
			Influenza
		Parasitic Disease
		Inflammatory Disease
			Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
	RECTAL DISEASE
	GASTROINTESTINAL AND PANCREATIC NEOPLASIA
	HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE
		Inflammatory Hepatitis
		Copper Toxicosis
		Neoplasia
		Other Hepatopathies
		Gall Bladder Disease
	REFERENCES
4 -
Disorders of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems in Ferrets
	DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
		Renal Disease and Renal Failure
		Renal Cysts and Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Aleutian Disease
		Coronavirus
		Nephrocalcinosis
		Pyelonephritis
		Renal Neoplasia
		Hydronephrosis
		Ureteral Disorders
			Ureteral Rupture
			Retrocaval Ureter
			Congenital Ureteral Stenosis
			Congenital Hydroureter
		Urolithiasis
		Urethral Obstruction
		Cystitis
		Bladder Neoplasia
		Urinary Incontinence
		Paraurethral Cysts or Paraurethral Disease
	DISORDERS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		The Male Ferret
			Cryptorchidism
			Tumors of the Male Reproductive Tract
			Prostatic Cysts
			Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscesses
			Penile Lesions
		The Female Ferret
			Hyperestrogenism
			Tumors of the Female Reproductive Tract and Mammary Glands
			Pyometra and Mucometra
			Hydrometra
			Vaginitis/Vulvar Swelling
	PERIPARTURIENT DISEASE
		Normal Parturition
		Management of Breeding Ferrets
		Diseases of the Jill
			Pregnancy Toxemia
			Dystocia
			Pseudopregnancy
			Agalactia
			Mastitis
			Postparturient Hypocalcemia
			Metritis
		Diseases of the Kit
			The Normal Kit
			Caring for Ill Kits
			Entangled Umbilical Cords
			Diarrhea
			Neonatal Conjunctivitis
			Splay-Legged Kits
	REFERENCES
5 -
Cardiovascular and Other Diseases of Ferrets
	CARDIAC DISEASE
		General Principles of Cardiac Disease and Congestive Heart Failure
			History and Clinical Signs
			Physical Examination
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Valvular Heart Disease
		Myocarditis
		Neoplasia
		Heartworm Disease
	OTHER DISEASES
		Aleutian Disease
			Clinical Signs
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prevention
		Splenomegaly
		Anemia
		Ibuprofen Toxicosis
	REFERENCES
6 -
Respiratory Diseases of Ferrets
	CANINE DISTEMPER
		History and Physical Examination
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
	INFLUENZA
		History and Physical Examination
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
	PNEUMONIA
		History and Physical Examination
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
	PULMONARY MYCOSES
		History and Physical Examination
		Cryptococcosis
		Blastomycosis
		Coccidioidomycosis
		Infection by Pneumocystis carinii
	OTHER CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY SIGNS
	REFERENCES
7 -
Endocrine Diseases of Ferrets
	DISEASES OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
		Hyperadrenocorticism/Hyperandrogenism
		Etiopathogenesis
			History and Physical Examination
			Differential Diagnoses
			Clinical Pathology and Diagnostic Testing
			Ancillary Diagnostic Tests
			Surgical and Medical Management
			Prognosis
			Prevention
		Other Conditions Affecting the Adrenal Gland
			Hyperaldosteronism/Conn’s Syndrome
			Hypercortisolism/Cushing’s Syndrome
			Pheochromocytoma
			Adrenohepatic Fusion
	DISEASES OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID
		Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Neopalsia
		Hypoparathyroidism
		Pseudohypoparathyroidism
	DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS
		Diabetes Mellitus
			Etiopathogenesis
			History and Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology and Diagnostic Testing
			Management
			Prognosis
		Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumor
			Etiopathogenesis
			History and Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology and Diagnostic Testing
			Differential Diagnoses
			Surgical and Medical Management
			Prognosis
	REFERENCES
8 -
Neoplasia in Ferrets
	ETIOLOGY
	DIAGNOSIS
	TREATMENT
	TUMORS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
		Islet Cell Tumors (Insulinoma)
		Adrenocortical Neoplasms
		Thyroid Neoplasms
	TUMORS OF THE HEMOLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
		Classification of Lymphoma
		Signalment and Clinical Signs
		Laboratory Evaluation
		Diagnostic Imaging
		Cytologic and Histologic Description
		Treatment
			Chemotherapy
			Palliative Chemotherapy
			Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy
			Radiation Treatment
			Ancillary Treatments
	TUMORS OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTIS
	TUMORS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
	TUMORS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
	TUMORS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
	TUMORS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
	TUMORS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
	TUMORS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
	VASCULAR NEOPLASMS
	MISCELLANEOUS NEOPLASMS
	REFERENCES
9 -
Dermatologic Diseases of Ferrets
	DISEASES
		Ectoparasites
			Fleas
			Mites
			Ticks
			Cutaneous Myiasis
		Viral Disease
		Fungal Disease
			Other Fungal Infections
		Bacterial Disease
		Neoplasia
		Endocrine Disease
		Other Dermatologic Diseases
	REFERENCES
10 -
Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Diseases
	ABNORMAL NEUROLOGIC SIGNS
		Paresis
		Ataxia
		Seizures
	SPINAL DISORDERS
		Spinal Defects
		Intervertebral Disk Disease
		Spinal Neoplasia
			Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas
			Other Neoplasia
	INTRACRANIAL DISORDERS
		Neoplasia
		Neuronal Vacuolation
	METABOLIC DISEASE
		Hypoglycemia
		Hypocalcemia
		Toxicosis
	INFECTIOUS DISEASE
		Viral Disease
			Rabies
			Canine Distemper
			Aleutian Disease
			Coronavirus
		Bacterial Disease
		Fungal Disease
		Parasitic Disease
			Toxoplasmosis
			Sarcocystosis
	VESTIBULAR SYNDROME
	MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
		Disseminated Idiopathic Myofasciitis
		Myasthenia
	REFERENCES
SECTION II Rabbits
11 -
Basic Anatomy, Physiology, and Husbandry of Rabbits
	INTRODUCTION
		Etymology
		Taxonomy and Similarities to Rodents
		Breeds and Varieties
		Life Span
	ANATOMY
		Body Size, Condition, Surface Area, and Fat
		Skin and Hair
		Scent Marking Glands
		Sense Organs and Nervous System
			Eye
			Ear
		Muscles and Skeleton
		Digestive System
			Teeth
			Mouth
			Abdominal Cavity
		Respiratory System and Thymus
		Cardiovascular System
		Urinary System
	PUBERTY AND BREEDING LIFE
	FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Female Sexual Behavior
		Pregnancy and Nursing Behavior
		Hand-Rearing of Baby Rabbits
	MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Male Sexual Behavior and Reproduction
	BEHAVIOR
		Eating, Drinking, and Elimination Behavior
		Group Behavior
		Vocalization, Auditory, and Visual Signals
	HUSBANDRY
	REFERENCES
12 -
Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Rabbits
	HOUSING
	HANDLING AND RESTRAINT
	PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
	SAMPLE COLLECTION
		Blood Collection
			Hematologic and Biochemical Testing
		Urine and Fecal Collection
		Dermatologic Sampling
		Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap
	TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
		Catheterization and Fluid Therapy
		Injection Techniques
		Oral Medications
		Enteral Feeding Support
		Vaccinations
		Pain Control
		Anesthetic Delivery
		Nasolacrimal Cannulation
		Ear Cleaning
	REFERENCES
13 -
Gastrointestinal Physiology and Nutrition of Rabbits
	RABBIT GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
		Ingestion of Food
		Stomach
		Small Intestine
		Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
		Large Intestine
		Hindgut Flora and Fermentation
		Cecotrophy
		Motility
	NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
		Energy Requirements
		Protein
		Carbohydrate
		Fiber
		Fat
		Vitamins and Minerals
	DIETARY COMPONENTS
		Hay
		Fresh Vegetables (“Greens”)
		Commercial Mixes and Pellets
		Other Feed Items
		Water
	SUMMARY OF DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS
	REFERENCES
14 -
Gastrointestinal Diseases of Rabbits
	GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY DISORDERS
		Gastrointestinal Stasis Syndrome
			The Role of Fiber
			The Effect of Diet and Cecocolic Motility
			History and Clinical Signs
			Physical Examination Findings
			Diagnostic Testing
			Treatment
		Gastrointestinal Obstructive Disorders: Acute Gastrointestinal Obstruction and Moving Obstructions
			History and Physical Examination Findings
			Diagnostic Testing
			Initial Medical Treatment
			Surgical Treatment
		Cecotrophy and Intermittent Diarrhea
		Cecoliths
	DYSBIOSIS, ENTERITIS COMPLEX, AND ENTEROTOXEMIA
		Enterotoxemia
		Mucoid Enteritis
		Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis
		Treatment and Prevention of Dysbiosis and Enterotoxemia
		Primary Bacterial Enteritis
			Escherichia coli
		Proliferative Enteritis, Proliferative Enteropathy, Proliferative Enterocolitis
		Tyzzer’s Disease
		Other Causes of Bacterial Enteritis
	VIRAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
		Papillomatosis
		Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
		Rabbit Enteric Coronavirus
		Rotavirus
		Other Viral Causes of Enteritis
	PARASITIC DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
		Coccidia
			Hepatic Coccidia
			Intestinal Coccidia
		Cryptosporidia
		Other Protozoa
		Helminths
			Nematodes
			Cestodes and Trematodes
	NEOPLASIA
	LIVER LOBE TORSION
	AFLATOXICOSIS
	REFERENCES
15 -
Respiratory Disease
	ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
	PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
	DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
		Laboratory Analysis
		Diagnostic Imaging
		Endoscopy
	DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial Pathogens
			Viral Pathogens
			Fungal Pathogens
		Noninfectious Disease
			Trauma
			Dental Disease
			Neoplasia
			Miscellaneous Conditions
	DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
		Infectious Diseases
		Neoplasia
	DISEASES PRODUCING SECONDARY RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
	TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE
		Thoracocentesis
		Antibiotic Therapy
		Rhinotomy/Rhinostomy
		Other Treatments
	PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASE
	REFERENCES
16 -
Disorders of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems
	DISORDERS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		Uterine Adenocarcinoma
		Endometrial Hyperplasia or Uterine Polyps
		Pyometra and Endometritis
		Hydrometra
		Uterine Torsion
		Uterus Unicornis and Uterine Atresia
		Endometrial Venous Aneurysms
		Pseudopregnancy
		Dystocia or Retained Fetuses
		Pregnancy Toxemia
		Abdominal Pregnancy
		Abortion and Resorption
		Reduced Fertility
		Uterine and Vaginal Prolapse
		Cryptorchidism
		Orchitis and Epididymitis
		Testicular Neoplasms
		Venereal Spirochetosis
	DISORDERS OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS
		Septic Mastitis
		Cystic Mastitis, Mammary Dysplasia, and Mammary Tumors
	DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
		Urolithiasis and Hypercalciuria
		Renal Failure
		Hypervitaminosis D
		Nephrotoxicity
		Renal Adipose Deposition
		Renal Cysts
		Renal Agenesis
		Encephalitozoonosis
		Urinary Incontinence
		Psychogenic Polyuria and Polydipsia
		Scrotal/Inguinal Herniation of Urinary Bladder
		Urinary Bladder Rupture
		Urinary Bladder Eversion
		Polypoid Cystitis
		Tumors of the Urinary Tract
		Red Urine
	REFERENCES
17 -
Dermatologic Diseases of Rabbits
	BACTERIAL DISEASES
		Subcutaneous Abscesses
		Cellulitis
		Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
		Moist Dermatitis
		Ulcerative Pododermatitis
		Syphilis
		Necrobacillosis
	FUNGAL DISEASES
		Dermatophytosis
	PARASITIC DISEASES
		Ear Mites (Psoroptes cuniculi)
		Fur Mites
			Cheyletiella parasitovorax
			Other Fur and Skin Mites
		Fleas
		Lice
		Black Flies
		Ticks
		Myiasis (Flystrike, Blowfly Strike)
	ENDOPARASITIC DISEASES INVOLVING THE SKIN
		Oxyuriasis
		Tapeworms
	VIRAL DISEASES
		Myxomatosis
		Shope Fibroma Virus
		Shope Papilloma Virus
		Oral Papillomatosis
		Rabbit Pox
	NEOPLASIA
	BEHAVIORS AFFECTING THE SKIN
		Barbering
		Self-Mutilation
	DISEASES OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
		Sebaceous Adenitis
			Cutaneous Asthenia or Ehlers-Danlos–Like Syndrome
		Dermal Fibrosis
		Eosinophilic Granuloma
		Contact /Allergic Dermatitis
	DISEASES OF THE EXTERNAL EAR CANAL AND PINNA
	REFERENCES
18 - Neurologic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
	FUNGAL DISEASES
		Encephalitozoonosis
	PARASITIC DISEASES
		Neural Larva Migrans
		Cuterebra Species
		Toxoplasmosis
	BACTERIAL DISEASES
		Otitis Media-Interna
		Bacterial Infections of the CNS
	VIRAL DISEASES
		Rabies
		Herpes Simplex Virus
	TRAUMA
		Vertebral Fracture or Luxation
	DEGENERATIVE/ DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
		Osteoarthritis, Spondylosis, and Intervertebral Disc Disease
		Splay Leg
		Hereditary Cerebellar Degenerative Disease
		Radial Hemimelia
	TOXICOSES
		Lead Toxicosis
		Fipronil Toxicosis
		Pyrethrin/Permethrin Toxicosis
	METABOLIC DISORDERS
		Pregnancy Toxemia
		Heat Stroke/Stress
	NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
	OTHER/MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES
		Neoplastic
		Vascular
		Idiopathic
		Miscellaneous
19 -
Cardiovascular Disease
	NORMAL CARDIOVASCULAR STRUCTURE AND RELATED ANATOMY
	DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
	EXAMINATION OF THE RABBIT WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
		History
		Physical Examination
	DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
		Radiography
		Electrocardiography
		Echocardiography
		Blood Pressure Measurement
	DISEASES AND MANAGEMENT
		Congestive Heart Failure
		Congenital Heart Disease
		Arrhythmias
		Myocardial Disease
		Valvular Disease
		Dental Disease and Abscessation
		Vascular Disease
	REFERENCES
20 -
Lymphoreticular Disorders, Thymoma, and Other Neoplastic Diseases
	LYMPHORETICULAR NEOPLASIA
		Etiology
		Types of Lymphoreticular Neoplasia
			Multicentric Lymphoma
			Cutaneous Lymphoma
			Leukemia
			Thymic Lymphoma
			Thymoma/ Thymic Carcinoma
		Diagnosis of Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Thymic Masses
		Treatment of Lymphoproliferative Disorders
			Chemotherapy
		Treatment Options for Thymomas
			Radiation
			Surgical Excision
			Therapeutic Aspiration of Cystic Thymomas
	OTHER NEOPLASTIC DISEASES
		Primary Tumors Affecting the Reproductive System
		Primary Tumors Affecting the Skin and Subcutis
		Miscellaneous Primary Tumors of Other Organ Systems
	REFERENCES
SECTION III Rodents
21 -
Guinea Pigs
	BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
		Taxonomy and Natural History
		Breed and Fancy Standards
		Anatomy and Physiology
			General Characteristics
			Gastrointestinal System
			Urogenital System
	HUSBANDRY
		Housing
		Nutrition and Feeding
		Behavior
		Breeding and Neonatal Care
	BASIC PROCEDURES AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
		Handling and Restraint
		Physical Examination
		Blood Collection
		Urethral Catheterization and Cystocentesis
		Clinical Laboratory Findings
		Diagnostic Imaging
		Treatment Techniques
			Intravenous and Intraosseous Catheters
			Fluid Therapy
			Antibiotic Therapy
			Administration of Medications
	DISEASES OF GUINEA PIGS
		Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Diseases
			Dental Disease
			Gastrointestinal Hypomotility
			Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
			Dysbiosis and Antibiotic-Associated Enterotoxemia
			Enteritis and Diarrhea
			Fecal Impaction
		Respiratory Diseases
			Pneumonia
			Cardiovascular Disease
		Urinary Diseases
			Urolithiasis
			Cystitis and Urinary Tract Infections
			Other Uropathies
		Female Reproductive Diseases
			Ovarian Cysts
			Endometritis and Pyometra
			Uterine and Ovarian Neoplasia
			Dystocia
			Toxemia of Pregnancy
		Male Reproductive Disorders
		Integumentary Disorders
			Alopecia
			Dermatophytosis
			Ectoparasites
			Pododermatitis
			Skin Neoplasia
			Mammary Gland Disorders
		Musculoskeletal Diseases
			Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)
			Osteoarthritis
			Fibrous Osteodystrophy
		Neurologic Diseases
			Otitis Media and Interna
			Insulinoma
			Response to Mite Infestation
			Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
		Ophthalmologic Diseases
			Corneal ulcer
			Conjunctivitis
			Exophthalmos
			Conjunctival Tissue Protrusion (“Pea Eye,” “Fatty Eye”)
			Heterotopic Calcification of the Ciliary Body
		Endocrine Disorders
			Insulinoma
			Diabetes Mellitus
			Hyperthyroidism
			Hyperadrenocorticism
		Other Common Diseases
			Cervical Lymphadenitis
			Lymphoma
	REFERENCES
22 -
Chinchillas
	BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
		Behavior
		Color Mutations and Crosses
		Anatomy and Physiology
			Gastrointestinal System
			Urogenital System
			Breeding
	HUSBANDRY
		Housing
		Nutrition
	CLINICAL TECHNIQUES
		Handling and Restraint
		Physical Examination
		Blood Collection and Analysis
		Urine Collection and Urinalysis
		Urinary Catheterization
		Middle Ear Sampling Technique
		Diagnostic Imaging
		Treatment Techniques
			Fluid Therapy
			Nutritional Support
			Antibiotic Therapy
	DISEASES OF CHINCHILLAS
		Hepatic Lipidosis and Ketosis
		Dental Disease
		Gastrointestinal Diseases
			Dysbacteriosis and Diarrhea
			Tympany
			Rectal Tissue Prolapse and Intussusception
			Esophageal Disorders
		Ophthalmic Diseases
			Epiphora
			Conjunctivitis
			Corneal Diseases
			Miscellaneous Ophthalmic Diseases
		Respiratory Diseases
		Cardiac Diseases
		Urinary Tract Diseases
		Female Reproductive Diseases
			Endometritis and Pyometra
			Dystocia
		Male Reproductive Diseases
			Fur Rings
			Balanoposthitis and Preputial Abscesses
			Paraphimosis
			Phimosis
		Ear Diseases
		Neurologic Disorders
			Seizures
			Heat Stroke
			Lead Toxicosis
		Dermatologic Disorders
			Dermatophytosis
			Fur Chewing
			Fur Slip
			Foot Disorders
		Miscellaneous Disease Problems
			Diabetes Mellitus
			Fractures
			Diaphragmatic and Perineal Hernias
		Neoplasia
		Infectious Diseases
			Bacterial Infections
			Parasitic Infections
				. Historically, group-housed chinchillas in fur ranches and research colonies have a high prevalence of giardiasis. However, the...
				. The prevalence of nematode infections in pet chinchillas is low.70 Disease outbreaks of cerebral nematodiasis caused by the ra...
			Fungal Infections
			Viral Infections
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
23 -
Degus
	TAXONOMY
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	REPRODUCTION
	HUSBANDRY
	NUTRITION
	CLINICAL TECHNIQUES
		Restraint and Physical Examination
		Blood Collection
		Urine Collection and Urinalysis
		Drug Therapy
		Intravenous and Intraosseous Catherization
	COMMON DISORDERS
		Dental disease
		Gastrointestinal Hypomotility and Tympany
		Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis
		Hepatic Lipidosis
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Dermatologic Disorders
			Skin Wounds and Abscesses
			Alopecia and Barbering
			Tail Slip
			Dermatophytosis
			Ectoparasites
		Respiratory Diseases
		Female Reproductive Tract Disorders
		Male Reproductive Disorders
		Kidney Disease
		Musculoskeletal Disorders
		Ocular Disorders
		Neoplasia
	REFERENCES
24 -
Prairie Dogs
	NATURAL HISTORY AND TAXONOMY
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Reproduction
		Behavior
		Husbandry
			Caging
			DIET
	CLINICAL TECHNIQUES
		Preventive Medicine
		Physical Examination
		Anesthesia
		Phlebotomy
		Clinical Pathology
		Urinalysis
		Radiology
		Cardiology
		Pharmacology
	DISEASES
		Dental Diseases
		Elodontoma
		Neoplasia
		Hepatobiliary Research and Disease
		Cardiac Diseases
		Parasitic Diseases
		Zoonoses
	REFERENCES
25 -
Rats and Mice
	TAXONOMY AND NATURAL HISTORY
		Mice
		Rats
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		General Characteristics
		Sensory Organs
		Integument
		Gastrointestinal
		Urogenital
		Sexing
	HUSBANDRY
		Housing
		Diet and Feeding
		Breeding and Neonatal Care
	RESTRAINT AND EXAMINATION
	CLINICAL TECHNIQUES
		Sample Collection
		Blood Collection
		Urine and Fecal Collection
		Bone Marrow Collection
		Miscellaneous Sample Collection
		Diagnostic Imaging Procedures
		Advanced Techniques
		Therapeutic Techniques
		Hospitalization
		Preventive Medicine
	DISEASES OF MICE
		Oral and Dental
		Respiratory System
		Gastrointestinal System
		Urinary System
		Reproductive System
		Integument
		Neoplasia
		Zoonoses
	DISEASES OF RATS
		Ocular
		Oral and Dental
		Respiratory System
		Gastrointestinal System
		Urinary System
		Musculoskeletal and Peripheral Nervous System
		Integument
		Neoplasia
		Zoonoses
	REFERENCES
26 -
Hamsters and Gerbils
	TAXONOMY, NATURAL HISTORY, AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
		Hamsters
		Gerbils
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
		Hamsters
		Gerbils
	HUSBANDRY AND DIET
	RESTRAINT AND CLINICAL TECHNIQUES
		Restraint
		Clinical Techniques
	COMMON DISEASES OF HAMSTERS
		Gastrointestinal System
			Oral cavity
			Enteric diseases
			Other diseases
		Urinary System
		Reproductive System
		Respiratory System
		Cardiovascular System
		Endocrine System
		Integumentary System
			Lymphoma
		Musculoskeletal System
		Ocular System
	COMMON DISEASES OF GERBILS
		Integumentary System
		Gastrointestinal System
		Central Nervous System
		Reproductive System
		Tumors and Aging
	ZOONOSIS
	REFERENCES
SECTION IV Other Small Mammals
27 -
Sugar Gliders
	BIOLOGY
		Natural History
		Anatomy and Physiology
			Color Variations and Genetics
			Reproduction
		Behavior
			Sugar Gliders as Pets
		Husbandry
			Caging
			Nutrition and Feeding
			Hand-Rearing
	CLINICAL TECHNIQUES
		Handling and Restraint
		Blood Collection
		Treatment Techniques
		Diagnostic Imaging
	DISEASES AND SYNDROMES
		Gastrointestinal Disease
			Malnutrition
			Oral and Dental Disease
			Oral Abscesses
			Diarrhea
			Rectal and Cloacal Prolapse
			Cloacal Disorders
				. The paracloacal glands are similar to anal glands in placental mammals. As such, these glands similarly can become infected or...
				. Swellings closely associated with the cloaca but not originating from the paracloacal glands have been reported in several sug...
		Respiratory Disease
		Urinary Tract Disorders
			Cystitis, Crystalluria, and Urolithiasis
			Renal Disorders
		Reproductive Disorders
			Female Reproductive Tract Infections
			Pouch Infection and Mastitis
			Infertility
			Failure-to-Thrive Joey
			Self-Mutilation of the Penis and Scrotum
		Dermatologic Disorders
			Stress-Related Disorders and Self-Mutilation
			Endocrine Alopecia
			Ectoparasites
		Ophthalmic Disorders
			Ocular Injury
			Cataracts
			Retrobulbar Abscesses
		Musculoskeletal Disease
			Nutritional Osteodystrophy
			Obesity
			Fractures and Limb Amputation
		Neurologic Disease
			Tremors and Seizures
			Polyvinyl Chloride Toxicosis
			Other Neurologic Disorders
		Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
			Bacterial Diseases
			Parasitic Diseases
		Neoplasia
	SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA
		Anesthesia
		Soft Tissue Surgery
			General Surgical Considerations
			Castration and Scrotal Ablation
			Ovariohysterectomy
			Patagium Repair
			Paracloacal Gland Removal
	REFERENCES
28 -
African Pygmy Hedgehogs
	BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
		Taxonomy and Natural History
		Anatomy and Physiology
	HUSBANDRY
		Housing
		Diet
		Breeding and Neonatal Care
	BASIC PROCEDURES AND PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE
		Restraint and Examination
		Clinical Techniques
		Preventative Medicine
	COMMON DISEASES
		Common Presentations
		Ocular Disorders
		Oral and Dental Disorders
		Respiratory Disorders
		Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders
		Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders
		Urinary Disorders
		Reproductive Disorders
		Musculoskeletal Disorders
		Neurologic Disorders
		Dermatologic Disorders
		Neoplasia
		Nutritional Disorders
	ANESTHETIC AND SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
	EUTHANASIA
	ZOONOSES
	REFERENCES
29 -
Skunks
	BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
		Taxonomy and Natural History
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Behavior
	HUSBANDRY
		Housing
		Diet
		Breeding and Neonatal Care
	BASIC PROCEDURES AND PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE
		Restraint
		Clinical Techniques
		Preventive Medicine
	COMMON DISORDERS
		Ocular Disorders
		Oral and Dental Disorders
		Cardiac and Respiratory Disorders
		Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders
		Urinary Tract Disorders
		Reproductive Disorders
		Musculoskeletal Disorders
		Neurologic Disorders
		Nutritional Disorders
		Integumentary Disorders
		Neoplastic Disorders
	ZOONOSES
	ANESTHETIC AND SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
	REFERENCES
SECTION V Surgical Techniques and Dentistry
30 -
General Principles of Surgical Techniques
	PRESURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
		Patient Support
			Preoperative Testing
			Preoperative Fasting
			Thermal Support
			Hemodynamic Support
	INSTRUMENTATION
		Retractors
		Hemostatic Aids
		Suction and Irrigation
		Magnification
		Focal Light
		Electronic Hemostatic Devices
			Electrocautery
			Electrosurgery
			Carbon Dioxide Laser
			Vessel Sealing Devices
	PATIENT PREPARATION
	SUTURES, NEEDLES, AND CLOSURE
	REFERENCES
31 -
Soft Tissue Surgery: Ferrets
	PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS IN FERRETS
	SURGERY OF CUTANEOUS NEOPLASIA
	EXPLORATORY LAPAROTOMY
	SURGERY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
		Salivary Mucocele Resection
		Gastrointestinal Surgery
		Liver Biopsy/Lobectomy
		Gallbladder Surgery
	SURGERY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
		Surgery of the Adrenal Gland
		Pancreatic Surgery
		Splenectomy
	SURGERY OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
		Nephrectomy
		Cystotomy
		Perineal Urethrostomy
		Paraurethral/Prostatic Cysts
		Ovariohysterectomy
		Ovarian and Uterine Neoplasia
		Ovarian Remnant
		Pyometra
		Hydrometra
		Castration
		Preputial Masses
	MISCELLANEOUS SURGICAL PROCEDURES
		Anal Sacculectomy
		Minimally Invasive Surgery
	REFERENCES
32 -
Soft Tissue Surgery: Rabbits
	GENERAL PRINCIPLES
		General Presurgical Considerations
		General Surgical Principles
		General Postoperative Considerations
	SURGERY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
		Removal of Perineal Skin Folds and Inguinal Pouches
	SURGERY OF THE EYE
		Enucleation
	SURGERY OF THE EAR
		Partial Ear Canal Ablation
		Total Ear Canal Ablation
		Lateral Bulla Osteotomy
		Ventral Bulla Osteotomy
		Postoperative Considerations
	SURGERY OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
		Exploratory Laparotomy
		Inguinal Hernias
	SURGERY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
		Surgery of the Stomach
		Enterotomy and Intestinal Biopsy
		Small-Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis
	SURGERY OF THE PERINEUM, RECTUM, AND ANUS
		Resection of Anorectal Masses
	SURGERY OF THE LIVER
		Liver Biopsy
		Total Lobectomy
	SURGERY OF THE KIDNEY AND URETER
		Nephroureterectomy
	SURGERY OF THE BLADDER AND URETHRA
		Cystotomy and Cystectomy
		Prescrotal Urethrotomy
	SURGERY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		Ovariohysterectomy and Ovariectomy
		Orchiectomy (Castration)
			Scrotal Approach
			Prescrotal Approach
	SURGERY OF THE THORACIC CAVITY
		Thymoma Removal Via Median Sternotomy
	SURGERY OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Rhinotomy and Rhinostomy
	SURGERY OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		Lung Lobectomy Via Lateral Intercostal Thoracotomy
		Thoracostomy Tube (Chest Drain Placement)
	REFERENCES
33 -
Soft Tissue Surgery: Rodents
	SURGERY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
		Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
			Ventral Midline Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
			Dorsolateral (Flank) Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
		Treatment of Uterine Prolapse
		Cesarean Section
	SURGERY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
		Orchidectomy
			Orchidectomy Via the Abdominal Approach
			Orchidectomy Via a Prescrotal Incision
			Orchidectomy Via a Scrotal Incision
			Orchidectomy Via Bilateral Inguinal Incisions
			Postoperative Care
		Penile Prolapse
	SURGERY OF THE MAMMARY GLAND
	SURGERY OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
		Cheek Pouch Prolapse in Hamsters
		Gastrotomy
		Intestinal Prolapse
		Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis
		Complications
	SURGERY OF THE URINARY TRACT
		Cystotomy
	SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ABSCESSES
	SURGERY OF CUTANEOUS NEOPLASIA
	SURGERY OF THE THORAX
	ENUCLEATION AND EXENTERATION
	SURGERY OF THE EAR
	TAIL AMPUTATION
	REFERENCES
34 -
Orthopedics in Small Mammals
	FUNDAMENTALS OF FRACTURE REPAIR
		Initial Fracture Management
		Fracture Fixation Methods
			External Coaptation
			Intramedullary Pinning
			External Skeletal Fixation
			Bone Plating
	FRACTURES
		Thoracic Limb
			Scapula
				. In rabbits, a prominent suprahamate process is present on the caudal aspect of the acromion in addition to the hamate process....
				. Fixation methods are K-wires in a cross-pin fashion, or tension banding for repair of articular fractures. Rabbits can tolerat...
			Humerus
				. The brachial artery and vein and the median, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves are located medially. The radial nerve runs la...
				. Acceptable fixation methods are bone plating on the lateral, cranial, or medial surface for ferrets, and intramedullary pins w...
			Radius and Ulna
				. The median, ulnar, and radial arteries are present on the caudal aspect of the limb, as well as the ulnar nerve
				. External coaptation can be used for minimally displaced fractures or those with either the radius or ulna intact (Fig. 34.4). ...
			Metacarpal Bones
		Pelvic Limb
			Pelvis
				. The surgical approach to the hip depends largely on the bones involved and the surgical plan. Take care to prevent damage to t...
				. Bone plates can be used for larger rabbits and ferrets. Other methods are interfragmentary wiring and pin-and-wire techniques....
			Femur
				. The lateral approach to the femur is most common for diaphyseal fractures. Use extreme care to avoid the sciatic nerve, which ...
				. For fixation, IM pins can be placed either normograde or retrograde. Normograde insertion at the trochanteric fossa allows mor...
			Tibia and Fibula
				. Avoid the saphenous artery, vein, and nerve on the medial aspect
				. For fixation, IM pins can be inserted normograde from the cranial aspect of the tibia, on the tibial crest. A medial surgical ...
			Metatarsal Bones
		Vertebrae
		Skull
		Postoperative Management
		Complications
	LUXATIONS
		Thoracic Limb
			Scapulohumeral Joint
			Elbow Joint
			Carpal Joint
			Interphalangeal Joint
		Pelvic Limb
			Coxofemoral Joint
			Stifle
				. Tarsal luxation is a commonly seen injury in rabbits and often presents as a severely deranged joint. Primary repair of the li...
	CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE
	SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
	AMPUTATIONS
		Thoracic Limb
		Pelvic Limb
	References
35 -
Exotic Mammal Diagnostic and Surgical Endoscopy
	PATIENT SELECTION
	PATIENT EVALUATION
	ANESTHESIA
	INSTRUMENTATION
	PROCEDURES
		Otoscopy
		Stomatoscopy
		Endotracheal Intubation
		Tracheobronchoscopy
		Rhinoscopy
		Vaginoscopy/Urethroscopy/Cystoscopy
		Gastroscopy/Colonoscopy
		Laparoscopy
		Thoracoscopy
	COMPLICATIONS
	POSTOPERATIVE CARE
	OUTCOME
	REFERENCES
36 -
Small Mammal Dentistry
	DENTAL EQUIPMENT
	THE DENTAL EXAMINATION
	DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
		Radiography
		Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Oral Endoscopy
	OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
	NOMENCLATURE SYSTEMS
	RABBITS
		Anatomy and Physiology of the Skull and Teeth
		Pathophysiology of Dental Disease
		Dental Disease
		Treatment of Dental Disease
			Medical Treatment
			Dental Procedures
		Treatment of Periapical Infections and Abscesses
		Facial Surgery and Surgical Treatment of Specific Conditions
	RODENTS
		Anatomy and Physiology of the Skull and Teeth
		Pathophysiology of Dental Disease
		Clinical Presentation by Rodent Species
		Common Types of Dental Disease
		Treatment of Periapical Infections and Abscesses
		Prognosis
	FERRETS
		Anatomy and Physiology of the Skull and Teeth
		Dental Disease
		Treatment and Prevention
	HEDGEHOGS
	SUGAR GLIDERS
	REFERENCES
37 -
Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Sedation of Small Mammals
	GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES IN ANESTHETIZING SMALL MAMMALS
	PREANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
		Patient Evaluation and Preparation
		Nutritional Status and Fasting
		Vascular Access
		Equipment
		Breathing Circuits
		Ventilators
		Preanesthetic Medications
		Route of Administration
		Anticholinergics
	SEDATIVES AND TRANQUILIZERS
		Benzodiazepines
		Alpha-2 Agonists
	INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ANESTHESIA
		Balanced Anesthesia
	INJECTABLE ANESTHETICS
		Ketamine
		Tiletamine-Zolazepam
		Propofol
		Alfaxalone
		Etomidate
		Constant-Rate Infusions
	INHALANT ANESTHESIA
		Mask or Chamber Induction
		Airway Access
	LOCAL AND REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
		Epidural Anesthesia/Analgesia
	ANESTHETIC MONITORING AND SUPPORTIVE CARE
	MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTENSION
	EMERGENCIES
	RECOVERY
	ANALGESIA
	ANALGESIC DRUGS
		Opioids
		Tramadol
		Tapentadol
		Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
		Gabapentin
	ACUPUNCTURE
	REFERENCES
SECTION VI General Topics
38 -
Diagnostic Imaging
	GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
	WHICH IMAGING EXAMINATION TO PERFORM
		Image Resolution
			Contrast Resolution
			Spatial Resolution
			Temporal Resolution
		The Modalities
			Radiography
			Contrast Radiography
			Ultrasonography
			Computed Tomography
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Nuclear Scintigraphy
	ADVANCED TREATMENTS
		Radiation Therapy
		Interventional Radiology
	REFERENCES
39 -
Hematology and Biochemistry of Small Mammals
	SMALL MAMMAL HEMATOLOGY
		Blood Collection and Handling
		General Hematologic Features of Small Mammals
		Evaluation of Erythrocytes
	BIOCHEMISTRY
		Reference Intervals: Test Interpretation
		Preanalytical Variation
		Analytical Variation
		Rodents
		Rabbits
		Ferrets
		Hedgehogs
	REFERENCES
40 -
Ophthalmologic Diseases of Small Mammals
	RABBITS
		Conjunctivitis and Epiphora
		Cornea
		Uveitis and Diseases of the Lens
		Glaucoma
		Orbit
	FERRETS
	GUINEA PIGS
	CHINCHILLAS
	RATS, MICE, AND HAMSTERS
	SUGAR GLIDERS
	REFERENCES
41 -
Emergency and Critical Care of Small Mammals
	IDENTIFICATION AND TRIAGE OF THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT
	CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) IN EXOTIC COMPANION MAMMALS
		Basic Life Support
		Advanced Life Support
		CPR Preparedness
	OXYGEN THERAPY IN EXOTIC COMPANION MAMMALS
	FLUID RESUSCITATION OF CRITICALLY ILL EXOTIC COMPANION MAMMALS
		Shock and Fluid Therapy
			Types of Fluids
			Fluid Resuscitation Strategies
			Routes of Fluid Administration
	BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
	MAINTENANCE OF NORMOTHERMIA
	NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
	CRITICAL CARE STAT DIAGNOSTIC TESTING AND MONITORING
	CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
	LACTATE MONITORING
	COAGULATION TESTING
	POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND (POCUS) IN EXOTIC COMPANION MAMMALS
	INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
	SEDATION AND ANESTHESIA OF THE CRITICALLY ILL SMALL MAMMAL
	REFERENCES
42 -
Zoonotic Diseases Associated With Small Mammals
	BACTERIAL DISEASES
	VIRAL DISEASES
	PARASTIC DISEASES
	MYCOTIC DISEASES
	ALLERGIC REACTIONS
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
FORMULARY
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z